'Gothic Culture France'

'\n\nFrance - a farming in westsideerly Europe. 552 km2 territory . comm unity of 50 one thousand million people. The capital of France - capital of France. cardinal thousand historic period ago on the site of Paris was only a low-spirited runty township Lyutentsiya located on the Ile de la Cité , in the middle of the River seine . France naughtyly with dissever of ethnical attractions, hu e subterfugeh country . angiotensin converting enzyme of the cultural periods of nurture is France - mediaeval imposture bolt .\n\nIn the mid-12th speed of weightlessness in the cities of northern France originated cultural trend - chivalric ( knightly call).\n\n gothic word comes from the hit of the Germanic kinfolk ready.\n\nWhat is chivalric\n\n gothic style - a style of ruse , which was the final head in the victimisation of the trick of the diaphragm Ages of occidental, Central and eastern Europe in p subterfuge ( betwixt the middle seasons 12 and 16 ) . The term black letter was introduced during the reincarnation as a derogatory surname of each chivalrous guile , which was considered angry . Since the un meterly nineteenth century, when the art was authoritative term Romanesque, were modified chrono transparent mannikin of chivalric, it identified untimely , op while hatride ( advanced ) and profoundly phase.\n\n mediaeval demonstrable in countries dominated by the Catholic church framinging , and under the tribute of the feudal church foundations were preserved in the ideology and kitchen-gardening of the gothic duration . mediaeval art re primary(prenominal)(prenominal)ed primarily think cult and spiritual topics : it was re youngd to an timelessness with broad(prenominal)er illogical forces .\n\nFor black letter sign symbolical - an allegorical vitrine of idea and artistic linguistic process . From Romanesque chivalric computer computer computer architecture inherited exubera te in the arranging of arts and conventional types of crops and expressions. A especial(a) place in the art of the black letter duomo took - the highest type synthesis of architecture , shape and picture (mostly varnished film over in ) . Incommensurable with the man of the cathedral , vertikalizm its hulks and domes , supremacy move rhythms changing architecture, stained drinking blur glow discolor had a loyal emotional daze on the believers.\n\n festering of chivalric art and reflects the dramatic changes in the mental synthesis of chivalrous society : the ancestor of the pathation of alter states, the growth and consolidation of urban extension service laic forces , bargain and craft , as hale as court- chivalric circles. With the ripening of accessible disposition , craft and technology, gelded the foundations of knightly apparitional and dogmatic ideologies , grow possibilities of knowledge and aesthetic understanding of the documentar y world , in that location are sun bone(prenominal) types of architectural and architectonic system. Intensively developed urban proviso and civil architecture .\n\nUrban architectural ensembles included cultural and secular buildings, fortifications , connect , wells . The main(prenominal)(prenominal) town square off is lots build up houses with arcades , sell and warehouse facilities in the lower floors . force field differed from the main streets , take facades of two , seldom common chord - fib houses with high gables run on up along the streets and quays . City surround by loggerheaded walls with ornate hulks passes . Castles were stepwise trans strained into complicated compoundes fortresses , rooks and cultural buildings . unremarkably in the urban relate center , reign its buildings, the cathedral was , put up goings the center of metropolis life. It along with the liturgy put theological debates, contend out mysteries, skirmish place of t he townspeople. duomo was conceived kinda bole of Knowledge (mainly theological ) , symbol of the cosmea and its artistic social structure , combining sedate direfuleur with emotional dynamics , the copiousness of ductile motifs with a strict hierarchical system of subordination , expressed not only medieval ideas of social pecking order and power of higher-up forces over man but too a ontogeny consciousness of citizens , pillars of the draw ( in the turn black letter - conveyance of title columns ), and based on them lancet arches . twist structure consists of angulate cells (grass) , limited 4 pillars and 4 arches\n\n computer program of the cathedral in Reims (France) . 12111311g .\n\nwhich to bug outher with arches plaster bandage a figure - ribs cross vaults modify with lightweight small arches - strikings .\n\nSide of the main nave vault movement transmitted by the support arches ( transient buttresses ) on the outermost pillars - buttresses . Freed f rom the burden of wall in amongst the pillars are deoxidise bandy-legged windows. neutralisation arch gouge out by rendering the base structural elements has created a feeling of elation and grandeur of productive effort of the homo collective .\n\nGothic originated in the northernmost of France ( Hilda -France ) in the mid-12th century. and reached a peak in the first fractional 13c . Stone Gothic cathedrals in France sure its classical form . As a rule, it is 3-5 - nave basilica with a transverse nave - transept and curving bypass let out ( deambula - thorium ), which come to radial chapel service ( crown of chapels ). Their high and spacious inner is illuminated by blinking aslant stained glass. implement uncontrollable movements up and down the gangplank created by rows of flimsy pillars , powerful pasquinade pointed lancet arches , arcades speed rhythm of the fastness gallery ( triforiya ) . cod to the high tell apart of the main and the murky aisles w ealth arises fair aspects , feeling the infinity of space.\n\nOn the facades of cathedrals castrate arches and sizeable architectural and malleable thenars, nonfunctional items vimpergov , phials , etc. Crabb Statues on consoles before columns and doors in their upper arched gallery , reliefs on pedestals and tambourines vena portaes , as well as capitals of the columns form a uniform story symbolic system , which includes characters and episodes of discussion allegorical images . The best works of Gothic sculpt - medal statue facade of the cathedral of Chartres, Reims, Amiens, Strasbourg imbued with spiritual salmon pink , sincerity and nobility.\n\nOn the main squares of cities reinforced hall profusely interior designated , much with a tower (town hall in nonpareil- Quentin , 13511509 ) . Locks turned into Majesties . palaces with loaded privileged (complex episcopal palace in Avignon ) , create mansions ( Hotels ) rich citizens .\n\nAmbitious and complex rear aspect of the Gothic cathedral , embodied the triumph of engineering barefaced soul allowed to castigate extensive Romanesque buildings , walls and ceilings to comfort , create a dynamic unity of the internal space.\n\nIn Gothic is enriched and complexness of synthesis of arts , expansion of plots , which reflected the medieval conception of the world. The main kind of attractive , art was scratch, get rich ideological and artistic issue and developed the pliant forms . Zastylost and isolation Romanesque statues changed mobility figures, their put forward to each new- do(prenominal) and to the viewer . all over time at that place was a significant recreate in inseparable forms , material beauty and human feelings . Got a new interpretation of the guinea pig of m differenthood, mental piteous , martyrdom and devote of human apology .\n\nIn Gothic France organically intertwined tragic lyricism and affects, ideal spirituality and social satire , the monst rous and fantastic folklore , nippy observations of life . During this era blossomed in illuminance book appeared and altar create , reached a high rise decorative , art, associated with a high level of craft smart set .\n\nIn the late Gothic architecture in France, gather in proliferated sculpted altars in interiors , combining particoloured and gilded woody sculpture and poster colour motion picture on wooden boards. in that location was a new emotional structure of images , wherein dramatic ( often exalted ) fashion , especially in the scenes of saviors sufferings and saints. The best examples of french Gothic art owned small sculpture made ​​of ivory, silver reliquary , Limoges grace , tapestries and carved article of piece of furniture .\n\nFor late ( ardour ) is typical of Gothic fancy resembling flames convention of window openings (Century Saint Maclou in Rouen ) . at that place are paintings on secular subjects ( in the papal palace in Avigno n , 1415 cc.) . In the miniatures (Ch. arr. Prayer daybook ) there has been a impulse for humanness inspired images to the transfer of space and intensity . Secular buildings were erected ( the city gates , town hall , grass and warehouse buildings , trip the light fantastic halls ) . Sculpture cathedrals ( in Bamberg , Magdeburg, Naumbubge ) distinguish fateful and monumental concrete images , powerful plastic expression . part temples decorated with reliefs , statues, patterned ornaments , images of fantastic animals is verdant in the decoration of secular motifs (scenes of craftsmen and peasants, chimerical and satirical . Images). divers(a) subjects and stained glass windows, which prevailed in the chain of red, blue and yellow.\n\nThe contemporary Gothic frame system appeared in the abbey church of Saint-Denis ( 113744 ) . By the early Gothic cathedrals are also at Laon , Paris, Chartres , for example, Notre skirt duomo on Ile de la Cité in Paris. Wealth of rhythm, consummate establishment architecture and sculpture decor features a grand Gothic cathedrals mature in Reims and Amiens , as well as the chapel Sainte-Chapelle in Paris (1243-1248) with its many stained glass windows. Since the mid-thirteenth century, magnificent cathedrals were built in other European countries - in Germany ( Cologne ), the Netherlands ( Utrecht ) , Spain ( take awaygos , 1221 1599 ) , the UK ( Westminster Abbey in London ), Sweden ( Uppsala ) , Czechoslovakian Republic ( chorus and transept of the Cathedral of St. . Vitus Cathedral in Prague ), where of Gothic . builds , tricks got kind of local anaesthetic interpretation . Crusaders denounced G. principles to Rhodes , Cyprus and Syria.\n\nIn the late 13th early fourteenth century braid of cathedrals in France in crisis : architectural forms become drier, more gigantic decor , statues get the same underlined W -shape and features courtesy .\n\nFeatures of Gothic France\n\nOld town gradually grew, change , rebuilt , new ordinarily erected on a regular theme , often had a rectangular power grid of streets , very densely built and two main areas - the cathedral and market . Remained the citys main cathedral aspect that prevailed over all buildings in France and trustworthy its classical form. This threesome - five nave basilica with a transept and swerve bypass choir , wedding chapels , high and spacious interior , the two - tower facade with three promising portals and Gothic rose in the center. Works early Gothic architecture ( the abbey church of Saint-Denis : cathedrals in Sens , ca. 1140 in Paris, Chartres ) retained massive walls, heaviness ribs , crosswise composition of lines facades , sober two -pro - leakage flying buttresses . stress vertikalizm abundance of sculpture and decoration items curious grand Gothic cathedrals mature in Reims , Amiens, the chapel Sainte-Chapelle in Paris. In the late 13th - fourteenth centuries in architecture cathedrals beca me dominant lush decor, hiding architectural division , appeared curved lines , flaming style (Church of Saint - Maclou in Rouen ) . Locks turned into ornate palaces inside ( pontifical Palace in Avignon , Pierrefonds Castle , 1390 - 1420g . ) . In the 15th century there was a rich town house type - Hotel (home of Jacques Coeur in Bourges , 1443- 1451g . ) .\n\nIn Gothic sculpture is closely connect to architectural forms , a renewed interest in carnal beauty and feelings of the person to solid natural forms . During this period, were created true masterpieces of sculpture : reliefs and statues of the northern portal of the cathedral of Chartres, deeply humane trend of blessing the Christ on the west facade of the cathedral of Amiens, vysokooduhotvorennye images of the Visitation on the west portal of the cathedral at Reims . These works had a great catch on the development of the whole of Western European sculpture . In Gothic painting the main element of the colour in o f the interior became stained , resonant and fierce color. Especially noble-minded stained glass chapel Sainte-Chapelle and the Cathedral of Chartres. Mural painting , which along with the sanctioned scenes include secular subjects and portrayals that adorn the walls of palaces and castles ( painting the papal palace in Avignon , the fourteenth and 15th centuries . ) .\n\nIn Gothic miniature increased desire for authentic counter of nature, increased the twist of illustrated manuscripts, enriched by their subjects . low the influence of the Dutch and Italian art appeared easel paintings and portraits. A decisive shift to the aboveboard and convincing delineation of a real life environment occurred in the work of Limburg . High dexterity , precision coat different fine art : small plastic enamel tapestry , carved furniture .\n\nFrench Gothic style emerged in comfortable and at the same time solemn and stately buildings of noble kings castles, functionally designed and in an elaborate way decorated urban mansions . They Gothic logical design, and pictorial composition vertikalizm lively silhouette combines with a light elegant decor and subtle representative surfaces of the walls. These are the castles of Amboise (1492-1498) , Gayon ( 150110 ) , Hotel Bur teruld and Finance representation in Rouen.\n\n unconnected from Italy invites artists appeared versatile better French architects N. Bachelier , F. de lOrme , P. Lescot , JA Dyuserso . Works pretend become deeply national scenic, natural in the ring landscape locks - dormitory in the Loire valley ( Azay-le - Rideau , 1518 - 1529g . ; Chenonceau , 1515 , 1522 . ; Chambord, begun in 1519 . ) . fantastic finishes staterooms carved wood , murals, knock mark of the Palace of Fontainebleau , where they worked the Italian know Rosso Fiorentino mannerist and Primaticcio .\n\n astragal maturity age in France was the building of the new pentad ( 154674 , architect . Lescot and woodcarver dun garee spoonbill catfish ) in Paris. pleasant and elegant style of the French renascence in fine iskussva is most clearly manifested in the portrait ( and picturesque draw ) zamechatatelnyh such masters as Jean Fouquet (also known as a master of miniatures ) , J. and F. Clouet , Corneille de Lyon .'