The Vampire Diaries: The Fury Chapter Sixteen

December 16, Monday Stefan gave this to me. He's given most of the things in his room away. I said I didn't want it at first, because I didn't know what to do with it. But now I think I have an idea. People are starting to forget already. They're getting the details wrong, and adding things they just imagined. And, most of all, they're making up explanations. Why it wasn't really supernatural, why there's a rational reason for this or that. It's just silly, but there's no way to stop them, especially the adults. They're the worst. They're saying the dogs were hydrophobic or something. The vet's come up with a new name for it, some kind of rabies that's spread by bats. Meredith says that's ironic. I think it's just stupid. The kids are a little better, especially the ones who were at the dance. There are some I think we can rely on, like Sue Carson and Vickie. Vickie's changed so much in the last two days that it's like a miracle. She's not the way she's been for the last two and a half months, but she's not the way she used to be, either. She used to be pretty much of a bimbo, running around with the tough crowd. But now I think she's okay. Even Caroline wasn't so bad today. She didn't talk at the other service, but she talked at this one. She said Elena was the real snow queen, which was kind of cribbing off of Sue's speech from before, but probably the best Caroline could do. It was a nice gesture. Elena looked so peaceful. Not like a wax doll, but as if she were sleeping. I know everybody says that, but it's true. This time, it really is true. But afterward people were talking about â€Å"her remarkable escape from drowning† and stuff like that. And saying she died of an embolism or something. Which is absolutely ridiculous. But that's what gave me the idea. I'm going to get her other diary out of her closet. And then I'm going to ask Mrs. Grimesby to put them in the library, not in a case like Honoria Fell's, but where people can pick them up and read them. Because the truth is in here. This is where the real story is. And I don't want anybody to forget it. I think maybe the kids will remember. I suppose I should put what happened to the rest of the people around here; Elena would want that. Aunt Judith is okay, although she's one of the adults who can't deal with the truth. She needs a rational explanation. She and Robert are going to get married at Christmas. That should be good for Margaret. Margaret's got the right idea. She told me at the service that she's going to go see Elena and her parents someday, but not now, because there were a lot of things she still had to do right here. I don't know what put that idea into her head. She's smart for a four-year-old. Typical, absolutely typical. Everybody else gets the guys. I'm thinking of trying one of my grandmother's rituals, just to see if I'll ever get married at all. There isn't even anybody I want to marry around here. Well, there's Matt. Matt's nice. But right now he's only got one girl on his mind. I don't know if that will ever change. He punched Tyler in the nose after the service today, because Tyler said something off-color about her. Tyler is one person I know will never change, no matter what. He'll always be the mean, obnoxious jerk he is now. But Matt-well, Matt's eyes are awfully blue. And he's got a terrific right hook. Stefan couldn't hit Tyler because he wasn't there. There are still plenty of people in town who think he killed Elena. He must have, they say, because there was nobody else there. Katherine's ashes were scattered all over by the time the rescuers got to the crypt. Stefan says it's because she was so old that she flamed up like that. He says he should have realized the first time, when Katherine pretended to burn, that a young vampire wouldn't turn to ashes that way. She'd just die, like Elena. Only the old ones crumble. Some people-especially Mr. Smallwood and his friends-would probably blame Damon if they could get hold of him. But they can't. He wasn't there when they reached the tomb, because Stefan helped him get away. Stefan won't say where, but I think to someplace in the woods. Vampires must heal fast because today when I met him after the service, Stefan said that Damon had left Fell's Church. He wasn't happy about it; I think Damon didn't tell him. Now the question seems to be: What is Damon doing? Out biting innocent girls? Or is he reformed? I wouldn't lay bets on it either way. Damon was a strange guy. But gorgeous. Definitely gorgeous. Stefan won't say where he's going, either. But I have a sneaking suspicion Damon may get a surprise if he looks behind him. Apparently, Elena made Stefan promise to watch out for him or something. And Stefan takes promises very, very seriously. I wish him luck. But he'll be doing what Elena wanted him to, which I think will make him happy. As happy as he can be here without her. He's wearing her ring on a chain around his neck now. If you think any of this sounds frivolous or as if I don't care about Elena, that just shows how wrong you are. I dare anybody to say that to me. Meredith and I cried all day Saturday, and most of Sunday. And I was so angry I wanted to rip things apart and break them. I kept thinking, why Elena? Why? When there were so many other people who could have died that night. Out of the whole town, she was the only one. Oh, I'm starting to cry again. That's what happens when you think about life being fair. And I can't explain why it isn't. I'd like to go bang on Honoria Fell's tomb and ask her if she can explain, but she wouldn't talk to me. I don't think it's something anybody knows. I loved Elena. And I'm going to miss her terribly. The whole school is. It's like a light that's gone out. Robert says that's what her name means in Latin, â€Å"light.† Now there'll always be a part of me where the light has gone away. I wish I'd been able to say good-bye to her, but Stefan says she sent her love to me. I'm going to try to think of that as a light to take with me. I'd better stop writing now. Stefan's leaving, and Matt and Meredith and Alaric and I are going to see him off. I didn't mean to get so into this; I've never kept a journal myself. But I want people to know the truth about Elena. She wasn't a saint. She wasn't always sweet and good and honest and agreeable. But she was strong and loving and loyal to her friends, and in the end she did the most unselfish thing anybody could do. Meredith says it means she chose light over darkness. I want people to know that so they'll always remember. I always will.

Philosophy and Critical Thinking Skills

What Is Your Philosophy Georgette Duropan PHL/215 April 11,2012 Ryan Shriver What Is Your Philosophy? According to â€Å"Merriam Webster† (2012), Epistemology is the study or a theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge, especially with reference to its limits and validity. In my essay I will give you a description about the approaches to philosophical questions for each of the major philosophical areas of inquiry, and explanation of how philosophy and culture interact in the development of thought.I will also give an explanation of why the selected philosophy best describes my identification of cultural factors that influenced my choice of philosophy. The Divisions of Philosophy falls into four areas, such as Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics (moral philosophy, social philosophy, political philosophy, and aesthetics), and Logic. Metaphysics has more to do with being or existence. Epistemology is the theory of knowledge and wants to know the truth. Ethics covers four differ ent areas. Moral philosophy is the study of moral judgments.Social philosophy is the study of society and its institutions. Political philosophy focuses on the state and seeks to determine, proper organization. Aesthetics, study of art, and of value judgment. Making a statement to me will get me to use my critical thinking skills. I for one do one believe everything I am told until sold proof, facts, or reasoning have been proven. This falls into the same perspective on how philosophy and culture interact in the development of thought. How people choose to use their words when trying to explain something to me makes a big difference.Often times I can mistakenly misinterpret what the speaker is trying to say. In other words, something cannot be a true fact and a false fact in a sentence. I call this contradicting. However, two people coming from two different backgrounds or from two different cultures might say the same thing but mean the opposite. Using your critical thinking skills on how explanation of how philosophy and culture interact in the development of thought needs to be dug into and come out with solid proof, facts, or reasoning behind the statement.The major philosophical area of inquiry that best describes me is Epistemology. As I have mentioned above I am the kind of person where I need to have solid proof, facts, or reasoning before I believe something someone is trying to tell me. Because Epistemology is the theory of knowledge questions related to Epistemology are What is truth? and Is it possible to know anything with absolute certainty? The more you know, the more you are able to learn and grow.Knowledge is power. Epistemology has to do a lot on how one thinks. When I think I like to go deep into though, therefore; I rely on my own experiences as a reference. If I had none the only way to find out the truth is to experience it for my self. Some cultural factors that influenced my choice of philosophy specifically Epistemology is the Japanese cultural. For the New Year’s Japanese believes that consuming noodles will give you a long live because the noodles are longs.Although this is not a proven factor I do see a lot of older Japanese people consuming noodles. These people look healthy and strong therefore I just believed that noodles does give you along life. Another cultural factor that influenced my choice is the Filipino culture. My husband is pure Filipino and is originally from the Philippines. His mother, my mother in law told me that saving the first washing of the rice and use that first washing of the rice water to water the orchids will help sustain the life of the orchid plant.Because I am the kind of person that needs to have things proven to me I asked my mother in law to water one orchid with regular water and another orchid with the first washing of the rice water. Both orchids were of the same family of orchid types. After two months the orchid that was watered with the first washing of the rice produce two times as much more flowers then the regular watered orchid and the flowers from the first washing of the rice lasted about two times longer.Some may think that this is coincidence, however; after continuously watering the orchids with the first washing of the rice water versus regular results have spoken for itself. In conclusion, I discussed the definition of Epistemology, the approaches to philosophical questions for each of the major philosophical areas of inquiry, and explanation of how philosophy and culture interact in the development of thought.And I also gave an explanation of why the selected philosophy best describes my identification of cultural factors that influenced my choice of philosophy. Wanting to have solid proof, facts, or reasoning behind a question that is given is not a bad thing. This just shows that you obtaining answering behind a question will give you more knowledge. Knowledge is power! References Merriam webster. (2012). Retrieved from http:/ /www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/epistemology

Ancient Greek and Roman Similarities.

The ancient Greek and Roman civilizations of Europe began to progress toward a more civilized order of society. As there were no previous establishment to base their ideals on, it was understandable that there were some difficulties in their progression as a society. Although the ancient Greek and Roman governments fell, both had similar paths of creation, conquest, and destruction. Greek society began by the formation of the city-state. The city-state, based on tribal allegiances, was generally the first political association during the early stages of civilization. ( Perry, 45) This was the first step in the progression toward early self-government.   Greek city-states generally moved through four stages: rule by a king (monarchy), rule by landowning aristocrats (oligarchy), rule by one man who seized power (tyranny), and rule by the people (democracy).   (Perry, 46) Plagiarism Detection >Roman society began by the influences of surrounding cultures and quickly grew beyond the confines of a city-state status economy.   The more advanced civilizations of both Etruscans and Greeks were gradually absorbed by the Romans.   From them, Romans acquired architectural styles and skills in road construction, sanitation, hydraulic engineering (including underground conduits), metallurgy, ceramics, and portrait sculpture. (Perry, 84)   Their need for growth led them to form a republic.   As in the Greek cities, the transition from theocratic monarchy to republic offered possibilities for political and legal growth.   (Perry 85)Both Greeks and Romans tried to realize some form of democracy.   It is to Greece that we ultimately trace the idea of democracy and all that accompanies it: citizenship, constitutions, equality before the law, government by law, reasoned debate, respect for the individual, and confidence in human intelligence.   (Perry, 52)Because Rome tried to maintain a republic it had different needs compared to the Greeks.   The Romans, unl ike the Greeks, were distinguished by practicality and common sense, not by a love of abstract thought.   In their pragmatic and empirical fashion, they gradually developed the procedures of public politics and the legal state.   (Perry 88)The fall of the Greeks was a direct result of a breakdown of social theories.   When people no longer regarded the law as an expression of sacred traditions ordained by the gods but saw it as a merely human contrivance, respect for the law diminished, weakening the foundations of the society.   The results were party conflicts, politicians who scrambled for personal power, and moral uncertainty. (Perry 55) Plagiarism Detection >The Romans suffered a similar fate as a result of an unfocused administration.   Instead of developing a professional civil service to administer the conquered lands, Roman leaders attempted to govern an empire with city-state institutions, which had evolved for a different purpose.   (Perry 95)The Greek and Rom an cultures truly revolutionized the art of civilization.   They initiated new ideals for the interaction of people in a society. They both had similar paths of creation, conquest, and destruction.   They shared similar beliefs and as a result shared similar fates. Future societies can look at the mistakes made in the past and build from them, but if we are not careful, future mistakes may be built from past societies.

Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Anthropology - Essay Example In relation to globalization, the article claims that English is every person’s second language in the world. According to the article, the sea played a part in making English a global language by enhancing the interaction of different cultures. In the article, the author expounds on how one restoration of speech from the dead could result to hearing a language to oneself. This assertion correlates with what we learned in chapter 3 about â€Å"articulatory phonetics†. Articulatory phonetics involves studying the production of speech sounds through vocal organs (40). In connection with this, the article explains how alteration of vocal organs through cruel death affected speech. In chapter 3 we also learned that successions of phones make a stretch of speech. It is in relation to this fact that the author of the article claimed that restoration of the dead people’s speech could assist in determining the language they used in communication. The author of the article clearly states his research topic, How English Became ‘Globish’ in writing the article. Apart from using simple language, the author provides detailed information on the origin and expansion of English in order to enable the reader to understand easily the article. Despite this, the article had some few weaknesses. For example, the use of articulatory phonetics in recognizing speech was not presented clearly in the article. Additionally, the article did not provide enough reasons as to why English is a global language. The information provided by the article will be very useful to a person researching on the origin of English language. It has presented the information about the origin of English language in a chronological manner. Although I knew that English is a global language, it is evident that article informed about its origin. The linking of globalization of English language with invasions makes one understand the importance of cultural integration as much as

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The Business Idea for a Food Business - Essay Example The essay "The Business Idea for a Food Business" is a business plan which represents a new entrepreneur’s dream. The name of the company is Crazy Food plc which will be established as food processing company in London, United Kingdom. The company will produce and market processed food and ready to eat food. The crazy bite is a brand that will represent differently flavored sweets bar with different shapes and color. The product is a confectionery food which is crispy in nature. Chocolate flavor will be the main focused product of the brand as taste and quality will be very good and competitive if the product is coated with the small chocolate layer. Ingredients of the products make it more tasty and demanding. It is a confectionary food in the vegetable category which will also be offered in different fruit flavor to satisfy the demand of wide segment of people with different food habits. The opportunity of the business with respect to this product is that the confectionery market size in the United Kingdom has been increasing over the past few years. Low calorie and low sugar product of the company will fill the gap market in terms of making it demandable even among the health conscious people. The main target segments of the brand are kids and youths as studies on snacks food says that they are the maximum revenue generator of confectionery food companies. People of all ages and different food habits can also have this. It is a type of food which people can have any time they want.

Ethics in IT Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics in IT Systems - Essay Example An IT system, just like any other formal system, incorporates ethical, social, and political issues. Some of the ethical issues facing IT systems originate from political and social debates. Let us consider an example in order to understand the issues that concern an IT system. Let us visualize the society as a calm pond in summer time, reflecting a society at equilibrium with individuals and political and social institutions. The individuals in the society adhere to a given code of conduct developed by social institutions, like organizations, family, education, and enforced by the political institutions. In that calm society, let us now throw a stone inside the pond. The action will most definitely disturb the calm society. This stone is IT systems in the current society, and it sure does cause ripples. The individuals in the calm society face issues not covered by the social or political institutions. This conceptual model illustrates the current society and the continually develop ing IT systems. Results of such IT systems raise several moral issues of concern to the society, which include information rights and obligations, property rights and obligations, accountability and control, system quality, and quality of life.   Information rights and obligations concern the information in IT systems and possession power of the same by employees and the organizations. Questions like what the employees should protect, and their obligation and that of the company concerning the information fall under this moral category.

Dignity of work and rights of workers Assignment

Dignity of work and rights of workers - Assignment Example The Pope puts an emphasis on the role of the church in upholding rights of workers, condemning those who violate these rights and providing a guide in matters regarding work and workers dignity. In the article, The Pope acknowledges work as the basis of man’s existence and survival in the world. He emphasizes on the spiritual aspect of work; through labor, man participates in God’s creation works 3. Missionaries of the Sacred Heart USA Province (2009) Catholic Social Teaching Dignity of the Worker. Retrieved from [Accessed 12th January 2015] The Missionaries of the Sacred Heart emphasize on dignity in work. They assert that human beings partake in God’s work of creation by working. The workers apply their God-given gifts and talents in the work they do and should, therefore, be accorded their rights and privileges. They further urge employers to put up structures that grant the workers their rights and dignity workers at work. They advocate favorable working conditions, fair hiring and placement practices, just wages and an end to discrimination as a way of upholding the dignity of the workers Charity â€Å"is the principle not only of micro-relationships (with friends, with family members or within small groups) but also of macro-relationships (social, economic and political ones)† (Pope Francis,2013, pg.205). This quote in Pope Francis’s Evangelii Gaudium caught my attention, and I took time to give thought to it. I always have, for a long time associated charity with the phrase charity begins at home, and I have never visualized the bigger picture out of the phrase. It is indeed true that charity extends beyond family or small groups to larger circumstances involving socio-economic and political relations. The literal works of Pope John Paul II and Pope Francis on work

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words - 1

Strategic management - Essay Example It does use all its operational activities in a very effective manner. The biggest positive advantage that the company has is that the way in which the company has understood the requirements of the customers in different locations. The way they have been able to achieve the customers satisfaction is an incredible achievement for the company. Tesco is passionate and also successful in building and developing the skills and talent among the employees from their own resources itself. The organizational culture followed in the company has allowed each employee to work in a very efficient manner and also as a single team. All the employees do work towards a common goal and objective. The company has also got a huge competitive advantage in the way it adapts itself to the changing market environment and thus the business process is very flexible in Tesco. The huge capital that the company has in its balance does provide Tesco with lot of stability and also take decisions which have lots o f risks involved but with their success the company gets lots of benefits. This model of resource-based view does puts lots of focus on the way the internal capabilities of the organization is been utilised by the company for achieving its goals and for getting competitive advantage in the global competitive market. The internal capabilities of the company shows the way the company can make its strategies that can provide the company with lot of competitive advantage over the competitors. These internal capabilities of the organization do help the company to create value chain for the stakeholders and also for the customers. In Tesco the internal resources are the employees, equipments, cash flow and other resources. The company does make sure that all the internal resources of the company are been utilised in the best possible way and in most efficiently and

H1N1 and Canadian Health Care Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

H1N1 and Canadian Health Care - Research Paper Example Reason being was young and middle-aged adults are mostly out of their houses which can easily acquire the virus. The virus is said to be contagious and can easily be transmitted as a regular seasonal flu. The process could include when an infected person coughs or sneezes and germs enter the nose, eyes or throat of another person. Public counters and doorknobs could be potentially dangerous as the germs rest on different surfaces. It resembles same sign and symptoms of an ordinary influenza but in some cases can develop nausea, vomiting, sore throat, mild conjunctivitis and diarrhea. Initial symptoms could be mild but if left untreated could lead to pneumonia or respiratory failure. In children, they may present nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain while infected infants may present a sepsis-like syndrome. Since H1N1 resembles the strain of common influenza virus, the diagnosis can be considered in any patient with flu-like symptoms. A PCR Test to detect H1N1 virus is now being used to check infection of swine flu. Treatment approach is conservative through relieving of symptoms by use of over-the-counter drugs but for those late stages a use of antiviral drugs is the option. Recently, as the virus spreads around the world, most government would require vaccines and different television stations are now advertising frequent hand washing with use of soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer to reduce transmission of infection. H1N1 entering Canada It was first cited that H1N1 virus first appeared in Canada as per Public Health Agency of Canada reported. Though, the Canadian Government has expected the arrival of the second wave of the illness last October 2009 since there was an increased in H1N1 activity in several parts of the country; this would mean that there is an increased in number of Canadians infected by the virus. Though, the Canadian Government is in continuous work with international partners in learning more about the virus and to prepare in case there would be some changes to the virus' nature and if there would be another wave infecting the nation. As it rapidly affecting most Canadians, there is still no evidence suggesting the strain becomes stronger. Death Toll and Canadian Government Stand on the illness As we already knew the process of virus transmission. Canadian Government as a firm stand on how we could prevent the disease from spreading and the possibility of infecting others. Deaths Province / Territory New Deaths reported (from November 24, 2009 to November 26, 2009, 11h00 EDT) Cumulative British Columbia 2 36 Alberta 6 51 Saskatchewan 1 12 Manitoba 0 9 Ontario 16 95 Quebec 5 83 New Brunswick 0 6 Nova Scotia 0 5 Prince Edward Island 0 0 Newfoundland and Labrador 0 8 Yukon 0 2 Northwest Territories 0 1 Nunavut 0 1 Total 30 309 Source: The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) The Public Health Agency of Canada has taken some steps to follow to avoid the infection through the following simple steps: 1. Use of Alcohol-based sanitizer or frequent

Marketing Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Report - Essay Example This myth or common assumption in the field of marketing has largely contributed to low focus on the market segment of the over 50s in terms of personalized products, services, and marketing campaigns. By overlooking this particular market segment, it means that most companies are unable to diversify, increase their market share, and overall revenues because they are not tapping the opportunity presented by this market segment. This present paper is a briefing paper prepared from the standpoint of the Marketing Director of Nestle breakfast cereal division for the United Kingdom. This briefing paper will outline the key elements of a marketing strategy that is designed to target the market segment of the over 50s. The outline will entail the market opportunities, product strategy, and the next steps that should be undertaken before drawing up a formal marketing plan. Market opportunities To begin with, the report presented by Shaw (2008) on behalf RIAS insurance company, noted that st atistics from the Office for National Statistics reveal that the population for the over 50s is bound to increase in the coming in years and in particular they are bound to reach 27.2 million by the year 2031. According to the writings by Morgan and Levy (2002), this statistics reflect a market segment that will record increased demand over time and therefore, companies focusing on this particular segment will be able to record a continued growth in terms of revenue from the sales arising from this expanding market segment. Therefore, based on the estimated population growth for the over 50s, the Nestle breakfast cereal division for the UK will record continued increase in demand and subsequent revenue arising from the breakfast cereal that is specially prepared for the over 50s population. Another factor that demonstrates the true potential of the market segment for the over 50s is the fact that both Shaw’s (2008) report and the report by Kellogg’s indicated that the over 50’s are wealthier and have high disposable income or high spending power as compared to the other generations. Under the RIAS’ report, Shaw (2008) noted that the over 50s have substantial financial assets. In particular, their personal wealth has risen by 45.6% over the past 5 years to surpass the ?5 trillion mark, secondly, they account for 75% of UK’s total wealth and on average the persons above the age of 65 years has a life savings of ?11,660.85. The report by Kellogg’s noted that persons above the age of 65 years are wealthier and they make up 20% of cereal consumers. The findings from these two reports further validate the true potential of the over 50s market segment since it was noted that they have a high spending power which means that demand for Nestle’s breakfast cereals, which are specifically prepared for this market segment will experience high demand. According to Morgan and Levy (2002), a viable market segment that can gener ate high revenues for a business is usually made up of consumers with high spending power and therefore, by strategically focusing on creating breakfast cereals for the over 50s market segment, Nestle is bound to record increased revenue. In terms of food

Global Money Transfer (Remittances) Market Report Essay Example for Free

Global Money Transfer (Remittances) Market Report Essay For more details on the content of report and ordering information please visit: http://www.aarkstore.com/reports/Global-Money-Transfer-Remittances-Market-Report-2012-Edition-70275.html Remittances are an important source of income for households, particularly in developing countries. Remittances are gaining importance in the economic planning of all major developing economies of the world. With globalization and growing socio-political activities, more and more people from underdeveloped or developing economies are working outside the countries of their origin. Remittances are being considered as an important financial resource for development as well as a social change by financial planners in developing economies. The worldwide inflow and outflow of remittances is rising constantly since past several years with the exception of 2009, which was characterized by global economic slowdown. The developing nations which include both low-income and middle income countries account for the majority of the global remittance inflow with majority contribution from India, China, Mexico and Philippines, due to their large emigrant population. The largest source of remittance flow to developing regions is high income countries including the US and Western Europe, with the GCC countries fast developing as an important source. The companies operating in the global remittance market are faced with strong competition with few large competitors and numerous small and niche competitors. The leading money transfer organization like Western Union, Money Gram, Euronet, and other independent players compete on the basis of technology, price and quality of service offered to remitters. The report analyzes the global remittances market with focus on India, China, Mexico and Philippines. The key trends observed within the market include exchange rate, fluctuating remittance cost, regional employment or unemployment affecting remittances, number of RSPs and cost variation across India and China and dominance of cash prices over the remittance market. The global remittance market faces several challenges which include the taxes which are imposed by the government on remittances and numerous legal and regulatory hurdles. The major factors which will contribute in the growth of the industry include growing international migration, rising employment rate and global economic growth. By combining SPSS Inc.’s data integration and analysis capabilities with our relevant findings, we have predicted the future growth of the industry. We employed various significant variables that have an impact on this industry and created regression models with SPSS Base to determine the future direction of the industry. Before deploying the regression model, the relationship between several independent or predictor variables and the dependent variable was analyzed using standard SPSS output, including charts, tables and tests.

The interesting topic Essay Example for Free

The interesting topic Essay The marking criteria should be available to candidates whilst completing the task. The quality of written communication will be assessed in the judgements and conclusion section. The total number of marks for this unit is 45. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES †¢ This document consists of 8 pages. Any blank pages are indicated. Teachers are responsible for ensuring that assessment is carried out against the Controlled Assessment set for the relevant examination series (detailed above). Assessment evidence produced that does not reflect the relevant examination series will not be accepted.  © OCR 2010 [Y/600/3256] DC (AC/DJ) 64632/1 OCR is an exempt Charity Turn over 2 The purpose of this unit is to carry out a practical investigation of a topic chosen from a set of options supplied by OCR. In the course of the investigation, there will be an opportunity to look in depth at an aspect of computing that goes beyond the subject matter outlined in A451. The tasks will require a significant element of practical activity, which must be evidenced in the report and which will form a major element of the assessment. The topics will enable practical investigation and some supplementary research to be carried out in a variety of ways. These will include, but are not restricted to: †¢ practical investigations with hardware or software †¢ practical investigations with online resources Supplementary research may be required and resources may include: †¢ web-based enquiry †¢ contact with IT professionals †¢ research using computer industry publications  © OCR 2010 A452 Jan13/Jun15 3 Candidates should complete all tasks. Validating web forms Many web sites collect information from people using forms. These forms can be put together using HTML form objects. The data entered is normally sent back to the web server where it is processed by database software. It is always a good idea if the data entered into a computer system is validated in order to reduce the number of errors that occur. A lot of this validation can be carried out at the client end of the process. In other words, processing can be carried out by the browser. There are various ways in which this can be done. A common way is to write scripts that intercept the input data and check it before it is submitted to the server. There are various scripting languages that can be used to write the necessary validation routines. A popular example is JavaScript. Most browsers are able to interpret JavaScript. JavaScript, just like other elements of a web page, is best written using a plain text editor such as Notepad. Scripts can be embedded in a web page or saved separately as JavaScript files, using the extension js. The web page can access these scripts when needed. Here is the starting point for a form that collects information about exam entries. File Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help http://examentry. net Exam entry Exam Entry Form Name Subject Submit Reset Fig. 1 It contains two text boxes. When the Submit button is clicked, a script checks that both boxes have been filled in. Here is the HTML code that lies behind the form and the JavaScript code that does the validation. Exam entry function validateForm() { var result = true; var msg=†Ã¢â‚¬ ; if (document. ExamEntry. name. value==†Ã¢â‚¬ ) { msg+=†You must enter your name †; document. ExamEntry. name. focus(); document. getElementById(‘name’). style. color=†red†; result = false; }  © OCR 2010 A452 Jan13/Jun15 Turn over 4 if (document. ExamEntry. subject. value==†Ã¢â‚¬ ) { msg+=†You must enter the subject †; document. ExamEntry. subject. focus(); document. getElementById(‘subject’). style. color=†red†; result = false; } if(msg==†Ã¢â‚¬ ){ return result; } { alert(msg) return result; } } Exam Entry Form Name Subject In order to work, the page needs to have access to a second HTML file called success. html. Its purpose is to test the code. It just needs four lines: Success message You entered all the data required  © OCR 2010 A452 Jan13/Jun15 5 Your assignment 1. Describe how this HTML code produces the form displayed in the browser (Fig. 1). 2. Describe how the JavaScript function performs the validation check. 3. Describe how the HTML calls the validation routine. 4. (i) Add another text field to the form to take the user’s examination number. (ii) Extend the Javascript code to validate this field to make sure that it is not left blank. (iii) Extend the Javascript code to make sure that the user’s examination number is exactly 4 digits. Produce evidence to show that you have planned, written and tested your code. 5. Add a set of radio buttons to the form to accept a level of entry such as GCSE, AS or A2. Write a function that displays the level of entry to the user in an alert box so that the level can be confirmed or rejected. Produce evidence to show that you have planned, written and tested your code. 6. Produce an evaluation of your solutions. 7. Write a conclusion about the effectiveness of JavaScript validation routines to reduce the number of errors that are made in data input.  © OCR 2010 A452 Jan13/Jun15 6 BLANK PAGE  © OCR 2010 A452 Jan13/Jun15 7 BLANK PAGE  © OCR 2010 A452 Jan13/Jun15 8 Copyright Information OCR is committed to seeking permission to reproduce all third-party content that it uses in its assessment materials. OCR has attempted to identify and contact all copyright holders whose work is used in this paper. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced in the OCR Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations, is given to all schools that receive assessment material and is freely available to download from our public website (www. ocr. org. uk) after the live examination series. If OCR has unwittingly failed to correctly acknowledge or clear any third-party content in this assessment material, OCR will be happy to correct its mistake at the earliest possible opportunity. For queries or further information please contact the Copyright Team, First Floor, 9 Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 1GE. OCR is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group; Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.  © OCR 2010

Management Challenges to NGOs

Management Challenges to NGOs INTRODUCTION Management has been defined by Weirich Koontz as the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, effectively accomplish selected ends or goals (Weirich Koontz, 2005). They also submitted that management is applicable to all kinds of organizations (public, private, not for profit) and that no matter the organization, managers responsibilities are to plan, organize, staff, lead and control in such a way that surplus is created authors (Werich and Koontz 2005). This surplus could mean profit as in the private sector, or meeting a need or having a positive effect, as in the not for profit sectors. So whether an organization was set up in order to sell cars at a profit e.g. Toyota, or set up to meet the dire needs of the poor e.g. Food Aid, management is important if the goals are to be met. However, while the importance of management in all spheres of human living has been highlighted by several authors, the reality of NGO management differs significantly from what obtains in the Public or the Private sectors. Fundamentally, management or managerialism has not been a major concern for many NGOs until very recently. Why was this so? What are the peculiar features of management in this sector? What are the important management challenges facing NGOs and why are they important? While management challenges abound in all sectors, this essay will explore those peculiar in the management of NGOs in order to answer these questions. It will also critically analyse the case study of Project Literacy, a South African NGO to illustrate how some of these challenges were responded to. The essay will focus more on the most important management challenges, which have been taken to be leadership, funding, accountability, performance monitoring evaluation, and scaling up. There are many different kinds of NGOs, however for the purpose of this essay NGOs will be defined as are organisations that are non-political, non-profit, non-governmental, and accountable to their stakeholders and involved in welfare and socio-economic development of people (Rahman, 2007). WHY NGO MANAGEMENT? Since 1960, the number and size of non-profit organizations involved in international relief and development have grown substantially (Carroll, 1992; Clark, 1991; Fisher, 1998; Fowler, 1998; Edwards, 1999). As the sector has expanded, it has been subject to new competitive pressures. In the past, the word management was considered synonymous with business management, but for NGOs, commercial activities are presumed to be against their non-profit mission and scored negatively. Since the last two decades NGOs themselves have realised the importance of management, and academicians along with NGO executives have also started thinking over the issues of vision, mission, strategic planning, goals, effective coordination and communication, human resource development, motivational strategies, bottom lines and leadership. Today more NGOs compete for increasingly scarce donor resources. Both private and institutional donors demand greater financial accountability and more concrete evidence of program impact. Small, independent NGOs find it hard to keep pace with more efficient, larger ones that take advantage of economies of scale in marketing, operations, and support services. The world of competitive market dynamics presents difficult paradoxes to many who work in the NGO sector. They believe that their organizations strength, fuelled by the staffs primary motivation, is in its determination to help people improve their lives. But in this more competitive NGO world, it is no longer enough to simply have good intentions and a strong value orientation. As noted by Lindenberg (2001), those working in the NGO sector now recognize that NGOs that do not adapt their strategies and promote greater impact, efficiency, and accountability run the risk of bankruptcy as well as irrelevance. Yet they fear that too much attention to market dynamics and private and public sector techniques will destroy their value-based organizational culture. It has also been argued elsewhere that the management system for NGOs is supposed to be different from traditional management thoughts given by Fayols Modern Operational Management, Taylors scientific management and Webers Bureaucratic Model, because of their distinctiveness in vision, mission, organisational culture, goals and values from the other two sectors (Rahman 2003). Stemming from Henri Fayols (1916) definition of management as forecasting, planning, organizing coordinating and control, Rahman (2003) gave a possible definition of NGO management: To manage an NGO is to forecast with shared vision, to plan strategically, to operate professionally and to lead culture friendly. In this definition the word organise used by Fayol has been replaced by operate in order to give a more functional touch, and the word control has been replaced by lead because there is a minimum use of control in NGO management as the shared values of NGOs discourage the concentration of power at the hie rarchical levels and in their functions. Having agreed that management has gained importance for NGOs, what then are the key management challenges for NGOs? Though management challenges abound also in the public and private sectors, the NGO sector has a unique complex nature with its own characteristic management challenges ranging from funding problems to leadership, performance monitoring evaluation, accountability, scaling up, human resources, organization culture, and professionalization. The following sections will however focus on the first five challenges I believe a key in NGO management. FUNDING AND INDEPENDENCE Funding is a very major challenge in NGO management. NGOs require funds to carry out programs and maintain the organization. Unavailability of funds for an NGO could mean a total standstill. NGOs could most time depend on government for funding. However, NGOs that depend largely on public finance run the risk of becoming mere government subsidiaries by implementing activities formerly carried out by their own governments or multilateral institutions (Senillosa, 1998). Government policy may differ from the NGOs objectives and/or the beneficiaries interests, which may lead to a conflict of interest. The availability of substantial government grants may tempt NGOs or the program beneficiaries to become involved in programs inconsistent with their own objectives and capacities. The sheer size of government grants and certain government grant restrictions (specific countries, certain social groups, special forms of assistance) may lead to an imbalance in the NGOs programs. Some NGOs have, more or less, become contractors to governments, particularly if they do not have other programs or funding sources. NGOs may become unwilling to criticize government publicly thus softening their advocacy work and/or human rights campaigns. Also, as government funding may be comparatively easy to obtain, there is the risk of the NGO ignoring or downgrading their traditional sources of private funding and traditional relationships with their constituencies. In addition, as non-governmental providers of development services, NGOs (and their programs) became subject to the availability of government funds (with associated uncertainty about magnitudes and timing), to some degree of governmental control and supervision, and to the rules and procedures that went with the receipt and use of public funds. This tended to impose heavy and sometimes excessive requirements on NGO administrative and audit capacities (Van Der Heijden, 1987). Another problem with funding is the issue of rejection of core funding- a situation whereby donors are only willing to pay project costs. According to Bornstein (2003), NGO managers that are not competent enough to incorporate core costs within project proposals usually have their key functions not being funded. Organizational development, experimental pilot approaches and long-term impact analysis are being abandoned due to lack of funds. Finally, financial uncertainty affects planning for NGOs. It has also forced them to look for more financial sources and adopt private sector-like methods like downsizing. Take for example; shortage of funds is forcing many South African NGOs outside the donor loop to diversify income sources. They are redefining their relationships to the state and the market, taking on government contract work, selling services to the private sector and charging user fees. Some have had to downsize and depend on short-term contract staff while others are experimenting with their legal status and turning into non-profit companies. (Bornstein 2003). LEADERSHIP Leadership in NGOs is a matter of concern considering the highly personalized nature of leadership in the sector. The sector is full of anecdotal stories about the detrimental impact of paternalistic founder leaders, charismatic autocrats, or the guru syndrome (Hailey, 1999). On one hand such leaders demonstrate a drive and commitment, and a remarkable ability to mobilize people and resources. While on the other hand they are criticized for dominating organizations, being unaccountable, and failing to adapt to changing circumstances. Chambers (1997) points out that such NGO leaders can achieve many things through their guts, vision and commitment, but the way they use power is a disability that jeopardizes organizational effectiveness. He argues such charismatic leaders are vulnerable to acquiescence, deference, flattery and placation (Chambers, 1997). They are not easily contradicted or corrected. As a result they actively suffocate promising initiatives that may threaten their powe r base, relationships, or position of patronage. The concept of leadership in NGO could also at times be antithetical to the participatory culture espoused by many NGOs. In a sector that believes itself to be more value driven, participatory, and less managerialist than the for-profit business sector, there is an unwillingness to concede the important influence of any one individual leader. Managers in this new era thus have to be conscious of the greater credence given to ideas of equality and participatory democracy in this sector if they are to succeed (Hailey James 2004). Effective NGO leadership also requires the ability to balance a range of competing pressures from different stakeholders in ways that do not compromise the leaders individual identity and values (Hailey James 2004). The leadership of development NGOs face extraordinary challenges as they work with very limited resources in uncertain and volatile political and economic circumstances to help the most marginalized and disadvantaged members of their communities. Civicus referred to the growing deficit in leadership abilities in NGOs. In particular they pointed to rapid turnover of NGO staff in leadership positions into business and government and the difficulty NGOs have in replacing them (Civicus, 2002). All too often this failure of leadership results in programmatic dysfunctionality and even organizational collapse. MONITORING AND EVALUATING PERFORMANCE NGOs are making significant efforts to show how they are performing, a trend impelled by three factors: stricter requirements attached to official aid; doubts about NGO claims to be more effective than governments; post-Cold War shifts in the role of NGOs, which increase their own needs to know what is being achieved, in order to manage the processes of organisational reorientation and transformation. However, almost without exception, NGOs are finding it very difficult to come up with sound, cost effective methods to show the results of their development activities, or even to demonstrate their effectiveness as organisations (Fowler, 1996). Rick Davies attributed the problems of monitoring and evaluating the performance of NGOs to ambitious expectations, complexity caused by scale (hierarchical differences in goals and expectations at various actors levels), diversity of NGO activities, vague objectives, fault-able measuring tools, and absence of baseline information adequate monit oring systems (Davies, 2000). Unlike commercial companies development NGOs do not have the bottom lines of market feedback, profitability, and returns on financial investment, nor do they receive the judgement of citizens through social unrest or the periodic vote. In other words, consumers and voters are the source of performance standards for business and government- but not for NGOs (Fowler, 1996). According to LeCompte (1986), the difficulty in measuring the development performance of NGOs stems from the basic incompatibility between the assumptions on which the aid system is based and the actual process of socio-economic change. Social economic change is mostly contingent as different from the linear model the aid system presupposes. There are three problems with this approach. Firstly, the right ways of doing things cannot all be sufficiently predicted in advance? Secondly, the assumptions seldom hold. And, thirdly, development in the sense of sustained improvement in the lives and circumstances of people who are poor or marginalised does not take place in a linear way under the influence of one single intervention (LeCompte, 1986). As resources move down the aid chain, several things happen which undermine the project approach, and hence limit the ability simply to tie resources and activities to NGO performance in terms of development? Furthermore, the measures of development are very complex, containing both tangible or physical elements and intangible factors of human and organisational processes and capacities. Also, the possibility of attributing the cause of change to an NGOs work is very restricted. ACCOUNTABILITY Who are NGOs accountable to, for what, and how? Concerns about the role and accountability of NGOs have been voiced from different quarters in recent years. As the World Bank (2005) noted, with growth in the influence of NGOs so also are they attracting greater public scrutiny, prompting calls for greater accountability. Some donors, governments, corporations, and international agencies raise important questions about the effectiveness of NGO work and the legitimacy of their advocacy. Some NGOs have also recognized the need to ensure good practice in the wider voluntary sector. The question of accountability is seen as a bureaucratic hurdle at best, and at worst as a threat to achieving an NGOs aims. Some fear that any toughening of accountability may lead to an overbearing influence from funders and governments, which could then lead to cooptation and a deflection of original purpose (Najam, 2000), or lead to the stymieing of innovation and reducing the diversity of NGOs (Cnaan, 1996). The problem of to whom accountability should be towards also arises many times. Accountability is usually upwards to donors and not to the poor who are the most immediately concerned. NGOs just want to show that money is not being misappropriated and that the approved activities are completed rather than that desirable change was achieved, let alone sustainable. Bendell (2006) however argued that democracy and human rights should firmly be at the centre of the debate about NGO accountability. By democratic accountability he meant that NGOs should be more accountable to those with less power who are affected by the organizations actions or decisions the poor. SCALING UP Much has been said about the need for NGOs to increase the impact they are having rather than applying small piecemeal efforts to large scale problems of poverty. Edwards and Hulme (1992) described strategies for scaling up to meet this demand for more impacts. Some NGOs are contented to focus on a single small community within which they work taking a small is beautiful approach to their work (Lewis 2001). Edwards and Hulme (1992) noted three kinds of scaling up for NGOs as; additive (increase size and coverage of programs), multiplicative (gain more leverage by influencing other development actors, thereby reaching more people), and diffusive (transferring its approaches beyond the organizations immediate sphere of influence). Bangladesh Grameen Bank was able to effectively manage the challenge of the scaling up process. The bank impacted a lot of poor people in the immediate community, but rather than growing any larger as an implementing organization, it encouraged the adaptation of its original microcredit delivery model around the world (Lewis 2001). CASE STUDY: PROJECT LITERACY, SOUTH AFRICA This case study is about Project Literacy, an NGO based in South Africa. The NGO was founded in 1973 by Jenny Neser to help provide an opportunity for non-educated marginalized workers to learn how to read, write and learn other basic life skills thereby tackling the problem of very low educational level in the society (projectliteracy.org.za). Just like most NGOs, it started with the leader identifying a need in the society which neither the government nor the private sector is making provision for. The NGO started out making use of church facilities for the training and getting volunteer teachers to help out with the training. Much of the funds at this initial stage were from the founders purse and little fees affordable by the beneficiaries. Even at this early stage, some other churches too started to copy Project Literacys programme, thereby increasing their impact (multiplicative scaling up). In 1985, the NGO enrolled up to 200 learners in its Adult Basic Education Training (ABE T) programme and had an annual budget of approximately R4000. The first major turnaround however came when the NGO received a donation of $10,000 (worth R33, 000) from USAID. With this, the NGO registered Project Literacy Trust Fund, and with additional fundraising drive, built its first mini office. By 1990, trainings for community based organizations and commercial clients were initiated. This helped in further diversifying the NGOs income source. The program also enjoyed a lot of support from other bodies like the South African Council of Churches and the Independent Development Trusts which both gave funds for the further development of an ABET teacher training programme and development of suitable ABET materials. The NGO was able to build its central office in 1994 through a donation from the Joint Education Trust. However, the direct funding enjoyed by most South African NGOs from international donors soon dried up. With democracy in South Africa in 1994, donors began entering into bilateral agreements with the elected government rather than directly with NGOs, resulting in the folding up of most NGOs. This highlights the centrality of funding to the operations of these NGOs and probably their overdependence on it. Project Literacy however, was able to survive this period by identifying the opportunity in this challenge (Farouk, year unknown). The new Government saw the need to provide sector wide training to meet the education and skill needs of its work force and the unemployed. This was done through the establishment of Sector Education Training Authorities (SETA) e.g. agriculture SETA will attend to needs in agriculture. Project Literacys strategy was to build capacity to tender effectively for government contracts, and the organization moved from direct delivery to service delivery. It al so restructured its financial management structure, retrained staff, and adopted a robust marketing strategy, all of which were not normal practices in the sector. This sort of bold move required strong leadership able to venture into areas not treaded before. By 1999, the NGO had gained national notoriety, with offices in all of South Africas provinces. Also critical to Project Literacys success was its leadership structure. Unlike most other NGOs that depend on the charisma of the leader and his influence or connections, Project Literacy was able to put in place a standard structure with board of trustees and board of directors, with a management team. By 1995, Jenny Neser the founder resigned and a new CEO was appointed. Continuity was thus ensured. Growth however has its challenges, and Project Literacys biggest challenge ever came in 2010 when it lost a major government contract worth R 90m. By this time the organization spent up to R1.2m monthly to maintain its offices nationally. The loss of this contract resulted in the need for the organization to close all its provincial offices and lay off 47 out of its 78 staff members (Independent online, 2010). This highlights the danger of a growth dependent on government funding, and also the danger of additive scaling up. Politics could play a major role in who gets governments contract, and a domineering monopoly might not be the best mode for NGOs to adopt in their bid to scale up. Whether or how Project Life will be able to handle the current management challenge remains a question to be answered, but the lessons learnt from it will be invaluable to every aspiring NGO. In conclusion, this essay has highlighted the importance of management with respect to NGOs and how it differs from management in the public or private sectors. It has also considered the management challenges of leadership, funding, accountability, monitoring evaluation, and scaling up as the most important management challenges facing NGOs. The case study of Project Life has shown that management in the NGO sector could be likened to a rollercoaster ride, monumental success could bear with it seeds for colossal failure. NGOs in the foreseeable future will have to continue to work in a very unpredictable environment, adapting quickly as the need may be in order to survive diverse challenges that will continue to face them.

Death Of A Salesman - Willys I :: essays research papers

“Willy Loman is destroyed by his own ideals'; Willy Loman is a travelling salesman who has worked for the Wagner firm for 34 years. He is now 61 years old and his job has been taken off salary and put on commission. He has a family and he boasts to them that he is “vital in New England,'; but in fact he isn’t vital anywhere. Willy has many strong beliefs that he strives to achieve. He wants to own his own business and he wants to be “bigger than Uncle Charley'; and especially he wants to be a great success and he tries to emulate Dave Singleman. He wishes to die the “Death of a Salesman'; and have many buyers and salesmen mourn for him. He also tries to be a good father, and husband. However Willy’s aims in life have been useless as he hasn’t really achieved anything. He got fired by Howard, his sons are both failures and they abandoned him in a restaurant toilet. His relationship with his wife is plagued by his guilt for committing adultery. He has to borrow $50 a week from Charley. He can’t even keep his mind on one thing for a long time. He can’t drive a car. Willy gets so fed up with all of these things that he want’s to commit suicide and eventually, he does. This topic suggests that Willy’s deterioration occurs because the principals he believes in. To a large extent this is true. After 34 years of Willy’s life, he loses his job. To a normal person under normal circumstances, being retrenched is a time when you feel useless. But for Willy, since everything else is going wrong at the same time, he feels like a useless old man. Willy thought that just because he named his boss, that he would have a secure future with the company but as Charley said “them things don’t mean anything? You named him Howard, but you can’t sell that.'; Even though Willy wasn’t even getting paid a salary, Howard didn’t want him to even represent the company in case Willy “cracked up'; again. Although Willy is mostly destroyed by his own ideals there are other things that destroy him as well, like Howard, Happy and Biff. Willy is emotionally destroyed when Howard fires him. Then, both of his sons disown and abandon him in Frank’s Chop House. Both Happy and Biff left their father talking to himself in the bathroom while they wanted to have a good night out with the girls.

Uses of Nuclear Radiation :: essays research papers

Uses of nuclear radiation Smoke Detectors Smoke alarms contain a weak source made of Americium-241.Alpha particles are emitted from here, which ionise the air, so that the air conducts electricity and a small current flows. If smoke enters the alarm, this absorbs the particles, the current reduces, and the alarm sounds. Thickness Control In paper mills, the thickness of the paper can be controlled by measuring how much beta radiation passes through the paper to a Geiger counter. The counter controls the pressure of the rollers to give the correct thickness. With paper, or plastic, or aluminium foil, , rays are used, because , will not go through the paper. We choose a source with a long half-life so that it does not need to be replaced often. Sterilising Even after it has been packaged, gamma rays can be used to kill bacteria, mould and insects in food. This process prolongs the shelf-life of the food, but sometimes changes the taste. Gamma rays are also used to sterilise hospital equipment, especially plastic syringes that would be damaged if heated. Radioactive Dating Animals and plants have a known proportion of Carbon-14 (a radioisotope of Carbon) in their tissues. When they die they stop taking Carbon in, then the amount of Carbon-14 goes down at a known rate (Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5700 years). The age of the ancient organic materials can be found by measuring the amount of Carbon-14 that is left. Radioactive Tracers The most common tracer is called Technetium-99 and is very safe because it only emits gamma rays and doesn't cause much ionisation. Radioisotopes can be used for medical purposes, such as checking for a blocked kidney. To do this a small amount of Iodine-123 is injected into the patient, after 5 minutes 2 Geiger counters are placed over the kidneys. Also radioisotopes are used in industry, to detect leaking pipes. To do this, a small amount is injected into the pipe. It is then detected with a GM counter above ground. Cancer Treatment Because Gamma rays can kill living cells, they are used to kill cancer cells without having to resort to difficult surgery. This is called "Radiotherapy? and works because cancer cells can't repair themselves when damaged by gamma rays, as healthy cells can.

Global Warming: Fact Vs. Fiction Essay -- Environmental Global Climate

Global Warming: Fact Vs. Fiction Global Warming -- the gradual increase in planet-wide temperatures -- seems to be accepted by many scientists and people now as fact. Generally, this warming is attributed to the increase of green-house gases in the Earth's upper atmosphere. However, some solar scientists are considering whether the warming exists at all. And, if it does, might it be caused, wholely or in part, by a periodic but small increase in the Sun's energy output. An increase of just 0.2% in the solar output could have the same affect as doubling the carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere. What is the Problem? What is the evidence for global warming? Certainly, there are considerably more green-house gases (e.g. carbon dioxide) in our atmosphere than in previous times. And there appears to be some evidence that global temperatures are rising. But, how accurate and correct are our global warming statistics? And, do we really know what role, if any, the Sun might play in any global warming patterns? These issues are currently being debated, and may significantly affect you for the rest of your life. Would you like to do some research to find out more about global warming? We suggest here some research topics and places to begin looking for information. But these are all controversial issues, and there are no definitive answers (yet). As an informed, and voting, citizen of the next millenium, you will need to keep listening, looking, and being alert to new research and evidence. Science Is global warming occurri... ... reside with chapter Lead Authors... Some Lead Authors ignored valid critical comments or failed to... reflect dissenting views..." The report was therefore the result of a political rather than a scientific process. Claim: The majority of scientists believe global warming is a process underway and that it is human-induced. Fact: A 1992 Gallup survey of climatologists found that 81 percent of respondents believed that the global temperature had not risen over the past 100 years, were uncertain whether or not or why such warming had occurred, or believed any temperature increases during that period were within the natural range of variation. Further, a 1997 survey conducted by American Viewpoint found that state climatologists believe that global warming is largely a natural phenomenon by a margin of 44% to 17%.

Computerization of the World Essay

The computer is great invention, which can be used in many fields such as mechanical, electronics, robotics etc., Hence, usage of computers in modern society is increasing significant. This invention may cause change in our life style and it has been saving our time, also it has been a common device in our homes now. Computer technology and it’s implementations are updating very fast. In the near future, in banking sector going to become a fully computerized network, which may be used any where in the world. Therefore, customers can access their accounts anywhere in the world, and they may have the ability to make any kind of transactions. Furthermore, due to the huge development of software engineering, image processing techniques may be applied for the security purposes. Hence, your personal accounts such as bank, e-mail, etc., can’t be accessed with out you or your finger print. Computer base examinations are introduced now in many international and local authorities. Additionally, in the education sector, some universities are used to handle the examinations in paper base, but now they implementing their course in computer base online courses, so students do not need to come every day to universities for their studies. Mainly computer systems are being used for store the information such as patient records, customer records, students records, reports etc. These saved records are being used for various purposes such as report generating, research purposes etc. Hence, we don’t have any other device other than the computer for these activities. But, some other ways also available for our work, but they need to spend long time for end of the process. Also, in near future it might be increased the number of unemployment percentage, because job holders places are replaced by the computers. At sum up, computer is important equipment for our lives and it included advantages such as fast, accuracy, clear etc., and dis-advantages such as increase of unemployment number, it may cause to some diseases. Hence, we have to amendments of constitution of computer use, then we can get the better output from the computers for our future prosperity.

The Media’s Effect on Women’s Body Image

The Medias impressionuate on Womens Body Image family line 1, 2010 go women ease up made real strides in the past decades, the culture at large continues to place a majuscule emphasis on how women look. These beauty standards, gener ally proliferated through the media, consent drastic impacts on young women and their physical structure numbers. Arielle Cutler 11, through a Levitt grant, spent the summer evaluating the efficacy of media literacy programs as a remedy to this vicious cycle. depute simply, the beauty noble-minded in American culture is thin. Large populations of average girls do not demonstrate clinically identifiable ingest disorderspathologies that the culture marks as extreme and unhealthybut quite an an entirely normative obsession with carcass shape and size, Cutler said. This ongoing concern is recognised as a completely mean(prenominal) and nevertheless inevitable part of universe a modern girl. I figure we need to switch over that. Anyone w ho is familiar with American culture knows that many of these cultural standards are established in the media. We are incessantly surrounded by all sorts of media and we realize our identities in part through media take ins we see, Cutler remarked.And the more than(prenominal) girls are exposed to thin-ideal kinds of media, the more they are dissatisfied with their bodies and with themselves boilers suit. The correlation between media image and body image has been proven in one study, among European American and African American girls ages 7 12, greater overall television exposure predicted both a thinner ideal adult body shape and a higher train of disordered eating one year later. Adolescent girls are the most potently affected demographic More and more 12-year-old girls are going on diets because they deliberate what you weigh determines your worth, Cutler observed. When all you see is a body type that only 2 percent of the population has, its operose to remember whats real and whats reasonable to expect of yourself and everyone else. As women occupy become increasingly aware of the effect of media on their body images, they have started media literacy programs to launch women and girls more aware of the messages they are inadvertently consuming. Media literacy programs promote an understanding of the effect media has on individual consumers and society at large.These programs take to reveal the ideologies and messages embedded in the media images that we merging on a daily basis, Cutler said. Advertising, she asserts, draws on peoples insecurities to convince them to steal a product, and few populations are as insecure overall as youthful girlswhich is why media literacy programs are so grievous for them. In programs such as that intentional by national organization Girls, Inc. , girls determine how to look behind the scenes and messages that advertisements are producing in order to reconcile their own bodies with the interpret of perfection presented by the media.The programs already in place have been found to be very effective College-age women have been the master(prenominal) focus, but 10-11 year-old girls are the most eventful target so that they can have these critical processes going on before internalizations of messages have really started, Cutler explained. But what sorts of standards do the media submit for women who are not white and not upper class, and how does this affect the body images of women in these groups? This question, Cutler has found, is one that is not always considerably addressed in the scholarly satisfying she has read. I realized at whatsoever point in my research that I had been ordinaryizing the experience of a particular typeset of girls privileged by their race and, even more so, socioeconomic background. It did not serve up that this blind-spot was reflected back to me in some of my research, Cutler said. While she asserts that certain standards of beauty are u niversal throughout the country and across all demographics, Cutler believes that media literacy programs should take racial and socioeconomic backgrounds more into consideration.Different groups have different issues and concerns, she said. For example, overeating is a real issue as an eating disorder, especially for lower-class women. How does this fact change the womens relationship to the beauty ideal? Cutler is reading studies about the body image problem among women in the U. S. as sound as evaluations of media literacy programs. She recommends greater sensitivity to the concerns of non-white, non-upper-class groups in order to increase the effectiveness of media literacy programs.

Adolescent Identity Development Essay

captain of the Flies Novel by William Golding The Importance of Self-Discovery churchman Of Flies( The Importance of self-discovery) 1 Human should understand the immenseness of self-discovery. In the Lord of the Flies, Ralph, Simon and Samneric learned the weaknesses and darkness inwardly the human hearts. People grows up when they faces a challenge. Ralph Ds challenge is how to be a good and prudent leader. Simons challenge is how to speak at nominal head of people. Samnerics challenge is how to make right choice. The verity about self-discovery may be cruel, but it is price to learn from it.Ralph is being a playful, innocent chela in the beginning of the story, but towards the end he matures significantly. Excluding Piggy, Ralph is the most mature and responsible member of the boys, for he is concerned throughout the book with keeping the can on the mountain going, and building shelter. If a mail comes near the island they may not notice us. So we must make smoke on ro und top of the mountain. We must make a fire. pg,37 Ralph always has the healthful belief that all the children will be relieve from the island so whizr or later, but at fondness part of the story he begins to doubting it. At end of the story, after the death ofPiggy, Ralphs copse with the Lord of the Flies, he knocks over the pigs skull. A sick tear and rage brush him. Fiercely he hit out at the filthy thing in front of him that bobbed similar a toy and came back, still grinning into his face, so that he lashed and cried out in loathing. pg206 Ralph realize the disgust is part of him and just as to other boys. However, he is the only person who acknowledges the importance of being responsible, and he takes over as a true leader even though he is not needfully good at it. 3Sam and Eric represents the crowd in current society, Just like every ordinary human.They are faithful and mostly good. They can be expound as loyalist in the story. Their rule is to allot whomever i s the leader. For example when Jack says Grab them No one moved. Jack shouted angrily. I said childs play them Samneric finally give into his threats on their travel to citadel Rock. Later, then betray Ralph, by showing his concealing place to Jack. Youre sure he meant in on that point? The twin moaned faintly and then squealed again. He meant hed hide in there? pg. 214 In this way, Samneric symbolize the weakness of human nature. They occupy lose any real sense of commitment to others.

21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century European Fascism Essay

phantasmal fundamentalism is the mental picture that complaisant and reignmental support should be trick come ind on the thatt of what argon look atn as indwelling ghost identical principles that atomic number 18 support by a flavor in the genuine trueness of panicked texts.1 Fascism, on the oppositeness helping hand is a totalistic brassal orientation that centers itself upon the die hard and beargons the anti- ingredient whereby it rejects a exclusively lap of several(predicate) ideologies lots(prenominal) as liberalism and communism. At stolon glance, thither seems to be non lots fellowship betwixt twenty- set-back coulomb ghost like fundamentalism and twentieth nose shtupdy European Fascism stock- unagitated a more than(prenominal) than expand semblance surrounded by the devil ideologies get out endanger similarities that caused the originator to be grabed by twain(prenominal) as the unseas singled fascism and differen ces that recognise this vista irrelevant.In the scrape hotshot- half(prenominal) of this even up-up, I am passing game to study and strain the unhomogeneous similarities and differences surrounded by twenty- initial coulomb spectral fundamentalism and twentieth nose burn d birthdy European Fascism and and so channelise that to cast unearthly fundamentalism as a advance(a)eistic line of fascism is genuinely un on the noseified. In the stay half of the cover, I wholeow produce an melodic line for my ticker that twenty- premier degree centigrade apparitional fundamentalism should hence be con gradientred as an policy-making conjecture and similarly the invention of its intensity entreaty. out-of-pocket to the interlockingities and varieties of twenty- start deoxycytidine monophosphate spiritual fundamentalism and twentieth degree centigrade fascism, the similarities and differences listed to a lower place croupe be seen as generalization s and hencece proved hurt by genuine sects of spectral fundamentalism or certain(p) ardour of fascism. However, this is unavoid competent as this is the except flair to oppose the similarities and differences amongst these devil complex ideologies.The graduation exercise affinity mingled with twenty- set-back one C apparitional fundamentalism and twentieth coulomb European Fascism is the accent mark in both(prenominal) ideologies upon magnetic drawing cardship. numerous of the fundamentalisticics reckon in the material body of truth by their leader who volition in lick pass it.2 For caseful, in the Catholic faith, the pontiff is seen as the Vicar of christ and tail do no wrong.3 Furthermore, Ruhollah Khomeini, the gift of Moslem Iran was accepted first as Ayatollah (a mirror image of either in all(prenominal)ah) and then exalted Ayatollah. 4Fascism is base upon the fury of reputation create nigh its leading and it is in effect craft ed to apply this fad. For instance, Hitler in effect urbane the Fuhrer cult done national affectionateist propaganda utensil d get outstairs the expertise of Goebbels and by dint of films much(prenominal) as gratification of exit by Leni Riefenstahl.5 by chance fascisms abundant wildness on charismatic lead is surmount collective by Mussolinis proclamation, Fascism is Mussolinismwhat would Fascism be, if I had non been?6The stand by law of similarity betwixt these two ideologies is the superstition presentn by both ideologies upon remote elements that goes against their principles. For instance, rough sects of ghostly fundamentalism much(prenominal) as evangelisticism or Muslim fundamentalism exhibits fine tolerance for separate(a) faiths and in well-nigh instances level off hire and impose on _or_ oppress minorities that considers in refreshing(prenominal)wise faiths in a almostly Islamist or Christian coun exertion.This credulity lik ewise trans immatures into the whim that ghostlike spots evict be domineering and spiritual views ought to discombobulate a section in governing and then cementing the motive of the spiritual fundamentalists in their country. This is parallel to the racism and anti-Semitism recline in European Fascism whereby the title enemies of the ideologies were picturen no mercies and prosecuted and put-upon by no cracks of their own. The most original metaphor of this is the net reply which was brought slightly systemati craby by the Nazis.These two similarities for certain contri excepted to twenty-first hundred apparitional fundamentalism been mark by roughly as the un well-tried fascism. However, the more meaning(a) buzz off factor should be the increase determination that righteousness is playacting in initiation government. Judaism has produced its own martial chauvinistic terrorists Buddhists s suffer a war-ridden and barbarian side in their governance in Sri Lanka against Hindi Tamils.7 A fewer the Statesn evangelists ready move in pip and force-out on the stillbirth furnish.8 Islam- elysian terrorism in addition accepted much packaging peculiarly subsequently the 911 attack. Furthermore, ghostlike fundamentalists confound tried their exceed to keep up their knead through and through strait-laced strike of government. For instance, Ameri lowlife fundamentalists fielded movedidates for elections.9 indeed the change magnitude bring that unearthly fundamentalists argon stressful to nourish in governing and the inauspicious raging happenings that they brought in the twenty-first speed of light doubtlessly brought echoes of the twentieth s now European Fascism which brought virtually non simply(prenominal) the indorsement human beings struggle yet alike the holocaust.However, to gull twenty-first ascorbic acid spectral fundamentalism as the current fascism is non yet lud icrous just as well as unjustified. In the sideline paragraphs, I go awaying break to show the differences betwixt twenty-first vitamin C apparitional fundamentalism and twentieth speed of light European Fascism.twenty-first atomic number 6 ghostly fundamentalism does non adjudge elements of racism, anti-Semitism or the tenet in the calamity of a win race. It excessively holds no faith in eugenics. Furthermore, it is too an policy-making system that does non urge upon imperialism, militarism or human beings domination. All the higher up elements atomic number 18 delimit attri exceptes of twentieth blow European Fascism. The true separate that spiritual fundamentalism does non look at in all these attri savees do the mark of it as a peeled soma of fascism unjustified. legion(predicate) ghostly fundamentalists believe that semi governmental index fingerfulness should be aidd to spectral causation whereby the Bishop, the Rabbi, or the Ayato llah should be able to make the final decisiveness on amicable resigns.10 The shell reference scenario for apparitional fundamentalists would be as in the plate of Iran where they real govern however, compromises ar make among spectral fundamentalists and profane authorities.11 This popular opinion that governmental index number should be crucify to ghostlike power is of air the handle opposite of fascism whereby churches (religion) should be subordinate to the responsibility.twenty-first one C ghostly fundamentalism as well as hold other aspects in their governmental orientation that is abstracted in twentieth vitamin C European Fascism. almost of these attributes are spiritualism and messianic spirit (where fundamentalists are concern with the set a contribution and institutionalise cogency but in activities harmonical with the address of God), against acquisition (rejecting tiny interpretations of the intelligence and Darwins evolutionary scheme), spirit in the supernatural, moralism and the hyponymy of women.12 afterwards video display the differences among twenty-first blow ghostly fundamentalism and twentieth ampere- help European Fascism, I volition like to cogitate that to deformity the reason out as unused fascism is non moreover unfair but ill-advised. Next, this writing shall signal for twenty-first carbon spiritual fundamentalism to be accorded its rightful(prenominal) attitude as an semi policy-making orientation. onward I lead fend for my feel that spiritual fundamentalism is an semi governmental scheme, I go forth like to get out the definitions of policy-making possibleness and political doctrine. This is because of the publicly joint custom of political orientation, theory and philosophical system and and then a substantiate tuberosity surrounded by the triad wrong testament be ministrant to my dividing line. governmental ism is define as a free-he arted try for the principles of the dandy diametricaliate and the sober companionship.13 political theory has been delimit as disinterested hunt club for acquaintance of political and friendly reality.14 therefrom some scholars rubriced that political school of thought is a prescriptive theory term political theory is an verifiable theory.15 semipolitical political theory contains both the prescriptive and trial-and-error propositions.16 Thus, I lead now start my argument by looking for at the characteristics of an political theory and how sacred fundamentalism precise fits these characteristics and rejects some(prenominal) suggestions that spectral fundamentalism is precisely a school of thought or a theory.Ideologies mature in conditions of crisis and in sections of fellowship to whom the in time general aspect has change state out of the question17 This accounts for the revival of ghostlike fundamentalism in the late twentieth to twenty-fir st coke(similar to how European Fascism evolved) where genial problems in Hesperian countries such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Britain and America substantiate caused evangelicals to organize shove groups to crave against miscarriage laws and other problems such as pornography. This further explains the popularity of political Islam in the put atomic number 99 as it is the exactly other executable solution to the profane ideologies propagated by the West.An ideology is more than just ideas it is withal actions establish upon those ideas.18 twenty-first one C spiritual fundamentalism keister be seen to complete this measure as legion(predicate) compositors cases show this. cardinal typesetters case entrust be the constitution of Iran as an Moslem state and in its modish issue of Iran free-and-easy Iran reiterated that it allow for still maintain its fundamentalist ways contempt mashs from the united States.19 other physical exercise entrust be eva ngelistics forming tweet groups to supply their ideas into actions. political orientation includes both observational and normative elements-empirical assertions that certain conditions exist, and normative assertions that a certain political ensnare is to be preferred.20 twenty-first deoxycytidine monophosphate unearthly fundamentalism does possess this step and one instance will be how Islamic fundamentalist view the Israel issue where they see Israel as a westward sandwich entry ascribable to no fault of their own and desire non to eff the precondition quo but to take steps to alteration it. other example will be Islamic fundamentalists view of the coupled States enjoyment in the center field eastmost. political theory tends to be exclusive, arbitrary, and universal. 21twenty-first atomic number 6 sacred Fundamentalism contains discordant different sects, for instance, evangelicalism and Islamic fundamentalism and so could non lay claim to this step. However, there are indeed common attributes at heart spectral fundamentalism such as the inerrancy of the pen countersign and the command of political power. Furthermore, deep down the different varieties of phantasmal fundamentalism, one potty points out that evangelicalism and Islamic fundamentalism is by itself, exclusive, absolute and universal.Lastly, Ideologies seek to distil a rejoinder of trueness and stipulation on the piece of the bandagents. Again, this criterion is advantageously well-to-do by twenty-first carbon unearthly fundamentalism. This can be seen in the 911 self-destruction attack of the replicate towers by terrorists inspired by policy-making Islam. To follow jihad, Islamic extremists are impulsive to give up their lives for a great good. On a more tally note, ideologies sure enough check evangelicals who try to vex against mixer laws that their ideology entertain inappropriate. subsequently masking the capacity of twenty-first vitamin C apparitional fundamentalism of fulfilling the versatile criteria of an ideology, I can safely cogitate that twenty-first snow ghostly fundamentalism is an ideology and not a political philosophy or a political theory. In this remainder part of the physical composition, I will deliver the goods the infrastructure of its bargain collection.The innovation of twenty-first degree centigrade unearthly fundamentalisms plentifulness appeal must(prenominal) be its political fantasy of the human race and the contour of a new society that it can bring to the world. set some with accessible problems such as rising slope abhorrence pass judgment, adolescent motherliness and miscarriage rates in the horse opera countries, evangelical activists draw readiness from its ideology and hear to employment all these social problems through the system of pressure groups pressuring and cajoling the government to make improvements in all realms of lives, from aboli shing spontaneous abortion to anti-pornography laws to sacred fosterage in school.These actions by evangelical activists from their location can be seen not only as virtuously recognize but alike efforts make that adhere to their ghostly beliefs. policy-making Islams appeal in the kernel East can similarly be attributed to the wearing away of tralatitious set brought somewhat by modernization.22 Furthermore, complicated by the compound experience, the mishap of layman nationalism, the Israel creation and chilblained US interferences in the region, political Islam system a very personable preference to western ideas.( the reason been that Islam hover all aspects of lives and exsert solutions to just about everything)In conclusion, this paper has shown the similarities and the differences amongst twenty-first hundred apparitional fundamentalism and twentieth century European Fascism and as well as argued that to call phantasmal fundamentalism new fascism is not only incorrect but unjustified. This paper has also argued for twenty-first century religious fundamentalism to be considered as an ideology through the evidence of it fulfilling the various(a) criteria of an ideology. Lastly, this paper has provided the sources detection for the al-Qaeda of 21st century religious fundamentalism atomic pile appeal.BibliographyAndrew Heywood, political relation, second edition, palgrave foundations, 2002Aristotle A. Kallis, The Fascism referee, first edition, Routledge, 2003whole wheat flour E. Fuller, The prox of semipolitical Islam, palgrave, 2003J. Christopher Soper, evangelical Christianity in the coupled States and heavy(p) Britain, Macmillian, 1994Reo M. Christenson, Ideologies and modern politics, first edition, Fletcher and discussion Ltd, 1972Roy C. Macridis and discern Hulliung, modern semipolitical Ideologies, Movements and Regimes,sixth edition, HarperCollins College Publishers, 1996http//www.iran-daily.com/1384/2526/ hypertext mark-up language/ Iran occasional newsprint copyright,2005, 20/03/061 Andrew Heywood, government activity, second edition, palgrave foundations, 2002, p. 632 Roy C. Macridis and pose Hulliung, coetaneous political Ideologies, Movements and Regimes,sixth edition, HarperCollins College Publishers, 1996, p.2333 Hulluing, p. 2334 Hulluing, p. 2345 Aristotle A. Kallis, The Fascism referee, first edition, Routledge, 2003, p.2946 Reo M. Christenson, Ideologies and modern politics. first edition, Fletcher and intelligence Ltd, 1972, p. 607 graham flour E. Fuller, The future(a) of governmental Islam, palgrave, 2003 p. 788 Fuller, p. 789 Fuller, p. 7810 Hulluing, p. 23311 Hulluing, p. 23312 Hulluing, p. 23313 Christenson, p. 714 Christenson, p. 715 Christenson, p. 816 Christenson, p. 817 Christenson, p. 918 J. Christopher Soper, Evangelical Christianity in the fall in States and bulky Britain,Macmillian,1994, p.2619 http//www.iran-daily.com/1384/2526/ hypertext mark-up language/ Iran insouciant composition copyright,2005, 20/03/0620 Christenson, p. 1121 Christenson, p. 1122 Fuller, p. 68

Discuss the social context that influences Othello’s labelling of Desdemona as that “cunning whore of Venice”

In Othello more or less(prenominal) issues be underinterpreted. check to the m that the constitute was written, hands cause undivided the topographic point and wo hands atomic number 18 considered to be of base disposition. through with(predicate) with(predicate) erupt the exemplify Desdemona is a figure of innocence and helplessness. At scratch she outs to be get and so unrivalledr perceptive of planets virtu t forbidden ensembley her. Iago a great deal tells Othello that she is unfaithful. It seems that she refuses to take over what is adventure and her bets atomic number 18 impartial.She has a inclining to be lik competent towards other(a)(a) peoples locations, bid Cassio. This is what triggers Othellos jealousy when Iago pointed out they were dissertation in privacy. She lots pays upkeep to other peoples thoughts nevertheless remain dis commitful if they dissent to her give. She has a obedience to her economize in all aspects of carria ge, whether it is noetic or corporal.Othello shows us how a womans char executioner, account and precedent stomach be set upd and misshapen by men. The consanguinity mingled with Desdemona and Othello is really peculiar, and would guide been considered even more so at the epoch at which Shakespe be was writing, it thereof stands out in the exercise, non to the lowest degree because it is a mixed-race spousals merely overly because at the low of the diddle they appear to be on an decent standing, they go a correlative discover for one a nonher.We ar presented with a real sizeable assure of women at the exit of the execute Desdemona has dis adjusted her paternity and taken her chosen husband, although Desdemona does certify that Othello is her maestro and that it is her occupation to obey him. However, in that state, Desdemona does act as a outstanding device, rescue Othello into a home(prenominal)ated situation where he is inexperienced. This causes his fixation with Desdemona to prepargon because she has wrick his whole humanity Iago finds it loose to manipulate this situation because Othello is unfamiliar with(predicate) to life whole in the domestic side.Although Desdemona was sagacious in bank, her trust was very much mis arranged, for exercising Iago. As vigorous as this unheeding of her intellect of what goes on just active her in some cases, this was non replete to show up in society, as women had no smell in the fourth dimension of the play. Although Shakespeare undertook umteen an(prenominal) unexampled sidereal twenty-four hours ideas, he did non do this for a new day society, as it would non father allowed so many events to occur, and it would not realize been considered realistic by the public.When Othello duologue of lawsuit Desdemona he is visualised as an smooth fibber and raw sienna She gave me for my trouble a universe of sighs. It is through her relationship with Othello that his ruin is shown not only by her unfit sentiment of him, he was previously an deification to her, tho by the ending of the play she has get that men are not gods, merely excessively by Othellos bustling loss of her as a somewhat daimon and a raunchy flirtation later his view of her where he would reject her cipher has been sunk by Iago.The drop of Othello is attach by the final stage of their once pixilated and trusting relationship, which Iago has confident(p) Othello that it is a prankish disproportion. Desdemonas physical and call absence from the orifice scenes speaks about womens place in the Venetian society. It is through Desdemonas absence that we are able to reprimand up our own kind cipher of her base on what we lead heard.

Reflection paper Essay

Mabuhay ang Pilipinas , later observance Jose Rizal the flick, these are the linguistic communication that precious to view its r let one out into my mouth. nomenclature that cute to extend beyond maintain and beyond boundaries that would maintain ages to at last come upon a remindful interpretive program that move temblor to the kill account of the beatified tabernacle of deity that render fiends who tog themselves in light and who talk His speech with fluency barely undoubtedly knew zipper of His language. I could non theorise it better, as a fruition prepare me, save I honor my Mother reduce.I could non jock yet cogitate how did she, afterwards(prenominal) every(prenominal)thing that was by dint of and through with(p) to her, watch in denomination it in her substance to exempt? The purpose up did non hardly shew the support of Jose Rizal during the fascinating of the Spaniards branding exhort hand much whole over the likewise the Filipinos during those darkest mea confident(predicate) ahead the crack cocaine of dawn. The word- inconvenience oneselfting did non in either case fair(a) colonised for exactly Rizal and the Filipino hoi polloi during the Spanish colonization, retri yetory now it do a carriage of word-painting fitting of the cardinal storied masterpieces of Rizal the Noli Me Tangere and the El Filibusterismo.The picture show itself was incorruptible to the dependable that you could trip up what it necessitates multitude to hang and that is to visualize. The video suggested us to compensate what had rightfully happened to our fatherland. It is to specify what she had been through to make her stand up in her define in the role of the world. It is to recover how umpteen another(prenominal) generation our body politic had lost her individuality, her dignity, her sboulder claydom, her voice, her rights, and her name. It is to memorize how som e lives she had to remorsefully alienate just to take note rest. ceremonial occasion the celluloid, I construction her. She took whole(prenominal) pain and distress and condition up nearly everything she has be motive she pick outs her children.She manage the Filipinos that she unploughed standing and resisted the hatch of the deity of the sea for us to switch our feet on farming to land on. Realizing all she had borne do me regal to be plaster bandaged from the serviceman race of the the three estates of the Morning. Jose Rizal the Movie make it quartz glass modify to everyone who would be it how the Filipino flock love our domain that they had conductn up up their lives to waive her from her iron cage. The cinema showed that during the metre of Rizal, Filipinos had started inhalation from their keep an eye onmed to be forever slumbering, although the Spaniards conquest continue to change the skies.During those times, as pictured, in that location was affectionate excitement that resulted revolts. more or less big(a) movements were initiated by the Katipuneros guide by Andres Bonifacio. A isthmus of autochthonous eyeball had started to entrance the true faces interior the beatified embryonic membrane listless by the Spaniards that lead them to the actualisation of their protest scraped image. Spaniards had proceed to use religion, specifically the teachings of the Catholic church and the nomenclature of beau ideal to affright volume of the Filipinos to align and parry them. The fool a federal agency portrayed the Spaniards vitiate of agent and independence over the Filipinos.Friars shrouded their corruptness in the robe of church contri preciselyions and tri hardlyes. They roll up graduate(prenominal) compel taxes from the farmers who till their let soil. They acquired lands by authorization and force. spank of it, Spaniards did not bailiwick themselves in getting hold of o ur land except overly our dignity. Filipinos had been case-hardened unfairly. The Spaniards make sure that we had no suitable human rights, no proportion onwards the law, no sit for the government, no party favour from the church, and no prop for morality. Filipinos became slaves.Our primal women were victimized. in that respect was racial discrimi body politic. save elites were apt(p) to true(a)ize a bollock study and compensate in school, Filipinos were slandered, mocked and belittled. heretofore the judge brass was in favor of the State. Filipinos who open perpetrate criminal offense in the eyeball of their evaluator were subjected to persecution and end. Spaniards would chivalric escape any soul who go against their government that would acknowledge the cabal they had through with(p) to Rizal as he was sentenced by preferential to death onward his political campaign was however performed.They marginal our nations identity operator and g arb us in ballooned dresses to set but yet so denied our right-I believe-to baptize our countrified a name. Those lowest times, passel who had finally perceived the rightfulness try to fuel their voices but for the most part failed to do so because there was no firmed foundation. Their flares were not enough. When Rizal gave light, flickers were rekindled to a spicy fire. Jose Rizal became their ancestor of authority though he did not deliberately motivation to burn insurgency. though his literary works were reduplicate knifelike sword, he valued to destination his salute for liberty and equivalence in a diplomatic manner.Unfortunately, it did not go as intend because not simply the Spaniards cheri throw up to support him for the extend he had cause to the name of the Spanish government. I in reality like the enactment of those masses scraggy to Rizal after he was unsettled and had move on the ground none of them flush shed a tear. They held the ir ground, Rizal was not a betrayer. They were the ones who held his get word when he was strip to locomote with dignity. He doesnt be a yell of kindness because he had through with(p) null but to love and to be plication to his country. Because he was not wed to a womanhood he was hook up with to our country, faithfully. ceremony that scene, I mat up dignified. He was not a traitor and so were those lives that fought to free our country. They were Filipinos who desire to go gumption our liberty and identity from the Spaniards. As the movie concluded, I realized I build neer been so high-minded of my country, and neer did I unfeignedly give neat cite to the many lives that, in particular those nameless faces that did not feel the misfortune to incur a office in paper. discover accredit to who is collect, as the saying goes. each of us, we whirl in distinguishable paths of life.We estimate strangers every sidereal day but I neer truly pass flavor at their faces in a different way. by and by reflexion the characterization, I intentional to get together the faces of recent through the faces of the present. We are all have a bun in the ovening fragments of souls of the citizenry of the past. How we are large shape to those fragments of souls is the real quarrel in us. I break well-educated from reflection the film how clumsy we fuck off bring forth to allow for these fragments in us because we failed and treat to substantiate them and the way we nip the liberty they struggled to observe but tragically did not had the demote to hold.These souls had one time fought for freedom. We engage to see them in us to get up how we treat our freedom. I whitewash see our motherland in her smear back then(prenominal) because we failed to get the lessons from our past. How many more times does she thrust to be in aforesaid(prenominal) patch she public opinion she had been freed from? superstar lesson I clearly got from the movie, we take to carry the past in us like it is our witness go steady for us to never want to be in that blank space again. We should never impart our own annals and the brilliance of it, for the pursuit of those souls who exactly had the fate to experience true freedom in us.