The Ethanol Subsidy and How Biofuel Tax Incentives Work

The Ethanol Subsidy and How Biofuel Tax Incentives Work The primary ethanol subsidy offered by the federal government is a tax incentive called the Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit, which was passed by Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush in 2004. It took effect in 2005. The ethanol subsidy, which is commonly referred to as the blenders credit, offers ethanol blenders registered with the Internal Revenue Service a tax credit of 45 cents for every gallon of pure ethanol they blend with gasoline. That particular ethanol subsidy cost taxpayers $5.7 billion in foregone revenues in 2011, according to the U.S. Government Accountability Office, the nonpartisan congressional watchdog agency. Debate Over the Ethanol Subsidy Supporters of the federal ethanol subsidy argue that it encourages production and use of the biofuel and thereby reduces the amount of foreign oil needed to produce gasoline, a step toward energy independence. But critics argue that ethanol burns far less efficiently than gasoline, driving up fuel consumption and that it increases demand for corn for fuel and artificially boosts the cost of farm commodities and retail prices of food. They also say such an incentive is unnecessary because legislation enacted in 2007 requires oil companies to produce 36 billion gallons of biofuels such as ethanol by 2022. While born of good intentions, federal subsidies for ethanol have failed to achieve their intended goals of energy independence, U.S. Sen. Tom Coburn, a Republican from Oklahoma and leading critic of the ethanol subsidy, said in 2011. The effort to Kill the Ethanol Subsidy Coburn led an effort to repeal the ethanol subsidy in June of 2011, saying it was a waste of taxpayer money - he said the Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit cost $30.5 billion from 2005 through 2011 - because consumption remained only a small part of the countrys fuel use. His effort to repeal the ethanol subsidy failed in the Senate by a vote of 59 to 40. While Im disappointed my amendment did not pass, taxpayers should remember that when I offered an amendment to defund the Bridge to Nowhere in Alaska in 2005 we lost that vote 82 to 15, Coburn said in a statement. Over time, however, the will of the people prevailed and Congress was forced to scale back this wasteful and corrupting practice. Today, the earmark favor factory is mostly closed. Only the tax division remains open. Im confident this debate, and many more ahead, will expose the tax code for what it is - an abomination that favors the well-connected over working families and small businesses. History of the Ethanol Subsidy The Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit ethanol subsidy became law on Oct. 22, 2004, when President George W. Bush signed the American Jobs Creation Act into law. Included in that piece of legislation was the Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit. The initial bill gave ethanol blenders a tax credit of 51 cents for every gallon of ethanol they mixed with gasoline. Congress reduced the tax incentive by 6 cents per gallon as part of the 2008 Farm Bill. According to the Renewable Fuels Association, gasoline refiners and marketers are required to pay the full rate of tax, which is 18.4 cents per gallon on the total gasoline-ethanol mixture but can claim the 45 cents per gallon tax credit or refund for each gallon of ethanol used in the mixture. The ethanol subsidy benefits multibillion-dollar integrated oil companies such as BP, Exxon, and Chevron. The First Ethanol Subsidy The Energy Policy Act of 1978 was the first federal legislative ethanol subsidy. It allowed for a 40-cent tax exemption per gallon of ethanol, according to Purdue University.The Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 increased the tax exemption to 50 cents per gallon of ethanol.The 1990 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act extended the ethanol subsidy to 2000 but decreased the amount to 54 cents a gallon.The 1998 Transportation Efficiency Act of the 21st Century extended the ethanol subsidy through 2007 but reduced it to 51 cents per gallon by 2005.Bushs signature on the Jobs Creation Act changed the way the modern ethanol subsidy worked. Instead, it offered a straight tax credit to producers, the legislation allowed for the blenders credit. President Trump Protects the Ethanol Subsidy During his 2016 campaign, President Donald Trump came out as one of the ethanol subsidy’s strongest supporters. Speaking in Iowa, where corn is king, on January 21, 2016, he said, â€Å"The EPA should ensure that biofuel . . . blend levels match the statutory level set by Congress,† adding that he was â€Å"was â€Å"there with you [farmers] 100 percent† on continuing federal subsidy for ethanol. â€Å"You’re going to get a really fair shake from me.† After Trump took office in January 2017, all seemed well with the ethanol subsidy until early October, when his own EPA administrator Scott Pruitt announced that the agency was considering lowering the EPA-mandated subsidy payment level for ethanol â€Å"slightly† in 2018. The suggestion sent shockwaves through the Corn Belt and its Republican congressional protectors. Iowa Sen. Chuck Grassley accused Trump of a â€Å"bait and switch,† in reference to his empathic campaign promise. Grassley and Iowa’s other Republican senator, Joni Ernst, threatened to block all of Trump’s future EPA appointments. The governors of most Corn Belt states joined in sending Trump warning him than any cutback in the Renewable Fuel Standard program’s subsidies would be â€Å"highly disruptive, unprecedented and potentially catastrophic.† Faced with the potential loss of influence over some of his strongest congressional backers, Trump quickly told Pruitt to back off any future talk of cutting the ethanol subsidy. On July 5, 2018, Pruitt resigned amid multiple accusations of ethics violations involving his excessive and unauthorized personal use of government funds. He was replace within hours by EPA deputy director Andrew Wheeler, a former lobbyist for the coal industry.

L Words in English

L Words in English L Words in English L Words in English By Maeve Maddox One topic on language certain to stir passions is the pronunciation of â€Å"l words† like salmon, almond, palm, and psalm. Charles Elster in his Big Book of Beastly Pronunciations submits reluctantly and ungraciously to the fact that a great many educated English speakers pronounce the â€Å"l† in almond: With so many accepted pronunciations of the word, common sense dictates that the prudent orthoepist, like the circumspect politician, refrain from issuing a dictum and instead defer to regional and personal preference–in common parlance, go with the flow. orthoepist: An expert in orthoepy; a person who studies the pronunciation of words Elster nevertheless maintains that his personal preference, is, well, preferable, pointing out that all of his sources list the AH-mund pronunciation first. He does not budge on alms, balm, calm, palm, psalm, qualm, and salmon, insisting that to pronounce the â€Å"l† in any of these words is â€Å"beastly.† Both the OED and M-W list the silent â€Å"l† as the first pronunciation and the â€Å"l† pronunciation as a variant for the following words: alms, palm, psalm, and qualm. OED gives only the silent â€Å"l† pronunciation for salmon, balm, and calm. M-W lists both pronunciations for balm and calm, but only the silent â€Å"l† pronunciation for salmon. Another â€Å"l† word, solder, â€Å"a fusible metallic alloy used for uniting metal surfaces or parts,† is pronounced SOD-er in American English, but SOLE-der in British English. Most of these words had their problematic l’s inserted in the 15th and 16th centuries when scholars thought it important to make words resemble their Latin originals. Salmon, for example, entered English without the l: samoun. Its Latin original was salmon. The â€Å"l† was â€Å"restored,† but the pronunciation did not change. Some other words with â€Å"restored l’s† that no one argues about are: fault, vault, cauldron, and soldier. As far as I’m aware, nobody tries to pronounce them without the â€Å"l.† (In standard English, that is. Caudron still exists in Scots dialect.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)Hyper and HypoEspecially vs. Specially

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 131

Summary - Essay Example he normative call in most of the alternative views on representation is that those in office should reflect and respond to the views of those who have elected them. Obviously, answering the question of whether public opinion has a connection to the voting patterns of legislators is important in political science. Myriad studies have looked into the two areas in examining the connection between the two important variables and the article records several authors behind the inquiries. As the article reports, most of them clinch that legislators are indeed reactive to the opinions of the public as they depict a positive correlation between the variables (Butler and Nickerson, 56–57). After a conclusive examination of related literature, the researchers finally choose a methodology fit to investigate the query at hand. The study involves 10,690 New Mexicans who are asked to give their views regarding the Governor’s outlay plans for a unique summer session in 2008’s summer. The survey results, which reflect District-specific opinions, are shared with legislators, who are selected randomly. Findings from the research show that legislators tended to vote in line with the opinions of the members of their constituency (Butler and Nickerson, 72). This then proves that legislators work towards being responsive to the opinions of the public than to their natural states. The results have myriad implications for comprehension as well as improving the manner in which represent the preferences of their constituents. Butler, Daniel M., and David Nickerson. â€Å"Can Learning Constituency Opinion Affect How Legislators Vote? Results from a Field Experiment.† Quarterly Journal of Political Science 6.1 (2011): 55–83. Web. 5 Oct.

Kind of body Essay Example for Free

Kind of body Essay It reads, I know exactly what kind of body I want to have this year the font is very clear and big and bold making it easy to read, the black and white colours react well enhancing the view of the quote, there is a play on words in the writing of the quote which sits on top of the main block of text and acts like a sub heading. Reality confirms that it is just impossible for todays weight watchers to choose how they want to look and always dream of that miracle cure that will instantly change their physique and make them more attractive to the opposite sex, but this quote, which adds to the unique aspect of the text because it has been said by a person (woman) states that someone is saying that they will choose what kind of body they want this year, which instantly makes the reader that little more interested, being able to state such a thing lures the readers further into the advert, bringing them onto the main bulk of the text, now they have been briefed on what the product could do for you, with the help of the images titles and quotes the reader develops (her) interest enough to want to read the small print which a success on the count of the editor and retailer. Coming to the last few points of the advert analysis we see that there are some very considerable features that are hidden to the ordinary Joe Bloggs but seem to work like a charm unbeknown to them.  Ã‚  Moving on to the main bulk of text situated on the extreme right of the A4 spread. One point I have noticed is that the advert seems to form a secret map, for the readers eyes, there are certain features that follow on from each other that guide the eyes all round the advert gradually covering everything there is to see, below I have described how my map theory seems to function; You start with the large (st) picture of the woman,  Ã‚  Very close to that, close enough to not let the eyes wonder off is the big title stay special the eyes then run along the title crossing the textual bridge across the page  Which then leads the eye to the top of that page, using the natural instinct of the eye to go to the top of the following page when reading, which then Brings us to the next base where there is another title/quote then this leads you down  Ã‚  To the large capital N starting off the block of text the eyes read through this quite oblivious to the mapping system going on  Leading all the way down to the final caption and a finishing image to fixate in the readers mindAmazing!  And there you have it, moving back to the main bulk of text; this paragraph contains the main detail that the customer/reader needs to know, but would not instinctively stop to read while reading the whole magazine, even though if the reader may want the product, if they read the details their eyes do not recognise this while glancing at the page. Moving on to analysing the text itself; the entire paragraph is addressed to the reader personally like a one to one conversation, this adds familiarity between the reader and the woman in the advert, a very informal vocabulary is used with words such as beefcake and dream boy, and the subject of the text is associating the cereal with setting up a perfect relationship with a womans ideal man, by gaining the apparent impossible, and I quote, a figure thats irresistible. Further more as I read deeper into the text, a kind of friendly relationship is built up between the reader and the woman in the article and then some sentences, that are said soon make sense of the once mysterious images, like the picture of the man on the fridge; we soon understand that the picture is there to stop the woman pigging out because the image reminds her of her prize at the end. It states, A splash of ice cold milk on a bowl of Special K is a pleasure not a chore this has a great effect on the reader because everyone knows, that dieting and eating healthy just seems like hard work. However for the woman to say its a pleasure, coaxes the reader further and now that there is this little relationship going on with the reader and writer a sense of trust develops, the paragraph finishes off nicely with all I need now is someone just as tasty to share it with this Is a perfect finish if you ask me because it gets the reader thinking, and soon has them begging for the source that will grant them this perfect scenario, and they then finally read on to the final part which states all the nutritional facts about the cereal, as discussed before the last picture is of the box, and this is the last thing the reader sees, before turning the page and will be the most recent thing they remember when they go shopping for another Bach of cereal. Some very good features were described; we have witnessed the very skilful and cunning minds of editors for adverts, how deep planning and thinking is needed to capture the readers interest and also just as importanttrust.  My Advert (MFI)  My advert is advertising a well-known furniture store called MFI; the advert is set upon one single A4 sheet, and only contains one main image, one title and a logo. As with the previous analysis I will start with the images and the rest of the features will follow after one another. As I said there is only one main image this is of a beautiful bedroom that has a very warm feel to it because of the mixture of dark reds and purples, used in the room. In the centre of the bedroom is a bed and on the bed lying down is ruby wax a very well known TV presenter, in a night gown with her feet up in the air smiling looking towards the reader. The room is truly fit for a king/queen, as all the features of the room are immaculate and matching almost impeccably. Now to pinpoint the effect of this;  First of all the whole page is taken up by the colours of the image and this will easily attract the readers attention, as it did mine when I was searching for an advert to study. So the advert relies a lot on its image functions to attract attention and not so much on titles and quotes. The room is immaculate telling the reader that their bedroom may well look like this if they shop at MFI  There is a teddy on the bed and I feel this adds a bit of familiarity to the advert and associates it with everyday people  A known celebrity is used to sell the product, and as people will flick through the pages of a magazine a face that they recognise will almost certainly make them stop and want them to read on  Also Ruby Wax is a very high rate celebrity and people know that she has a few quid, and when they see Ruby Wax with some products from MFI they suddenly think well if its good enough for its good enough for me, for celebrities may shop where ever they want, and if she has chosen MFI this forms a trust bond with the reader of good quality. Moving on to the text, there is only one main title piece of text which reads, all the big names under one roof  This is corresponding to two things at one time so is a play on words. One meaning is referring to Ruby Wax, as she without a doubt is a big name and she is under one roof in the bedroom so that is one of the meanings of this text piece. Then the second meaning is referring to the actual brands of the furniture, all the big names under one roof all the best furniture brands in one shop. This effect causes the reader to think for a second and choose which out the two ways they interpret this title either way they will be impressed by the statement and will instantly be intrigued to go and check out the big names under the roof of MFI. Then finally we have the logo of the brand that kitted out the bedroom that Ruby Wax is displaying, this the last thing the reader sees and this sticks in the readers mind for when they may visit MFI so SCHREIBER at MFI assists the reader in what they look for first when they visit the store, this is a beneficial technique for both MFI and SCHREIBER and this about wraps up the features of this advert, not quite as complex as Kelloggs but that advert had more of psychological effect on woman of today and their scenario of wanting a man and needing a nice figure to find a decent one, where as furniture is more of a general subject and requires less detailed features.

Organic Evolution Essay -- theory of evolution

We act like animals, we eat like animals, and we are animals. The many theories of evolution such as Darwin's theory of evolution prove to us that we choose to believe that we are not animals when we really are. Evolution is the sequencial process of change over periods of time, which shapes and establishes the formation of modern man. In referring to evolution, the word means various changes. Evolution refers to the fabrication and development of life on earth. "Organic evolution" is the concept that all living beings evolved from simple organisms and have changed throughout the periods of time to create many and various types of species. Organic evolution is better known as the "theory of evolution." There are three main theories of evolution, which are, the early theories proposed by Comte de Buffon, Baron Cuvier, and Lamarck, the synthetic theory, and the Darwin theory.In the 1700s, French naturalists, Comte de Buffon and Baron Cuvier concluded with the studies of fossils and comparative anatomy that life on earth had endured many changes through a long period of time. In the early 1800s, another French naturalist named Lamarck, proposed the first complete theory of evolution. He observed through his observations, depending on the extent to which the use of the structure, that an animal's body structure is able to change during its life span. He also noted that organs and muscles, which were used often, tended to become larger and stronger. On the contrary, the organs and muscles, which were used seldom, tended to become smaller and diminish. With these observations, Lamarck concluded that these characteristics were hereditary. Proposed during two decades, the 1930s and 1940s, the synthetic theory involved a group of scientists. The group of scientists included two American biologists, Russian Theodosius and German Ernst Mayr, and the British geneticist and statistician Ronald A. Fisher. Together, they proposed the synthetic theory which combined Darwin's theory of natural selection with the ideals of genetics. In 1808, French naturalist Chevalier de Lamarck contemplated a theory of evolution, although, his theory of evolution did not gain any recognition until 1858. In 1858, British naturalist Charles R. Darwin furnished his theory of evolution, also known as Darwin's theory. Along with Darwin's theory of evolution there early theories and t... .... The Neanderthal Man was a survivor. It had a cranial capacity, which was similar in size to modern humans. The Neanderthal Man had basic advances in life style. The Neanderthal Man made basic clothes and constructed tools of advanced design. The Cro-Magnon Man is regarded has the first fine artist on earth. Proof of this fine artistry is that of rich records of accomplishments in cave paintings, which Cro-Magnon made. He made these records From stone engravings and carved figures. Cro-Magnon amazingly spread to all habitable parts of the world. Modern Man, us, has learned from the teaching and evolvement of the Cro-Magnon. We have learned to grow our own food and domesticate our animals. In addition we possessed the control over the environment and created cites and established civilizations. We act like animals, we eat like animals, and we are animals. The many theories of evolution such as Darwin's theory of evolution prove to us that we choose to believe that we are not animals when we really are. With the amazing changes and evolvement our species has undergone and as the twenty first century approaches us, who knows what forms of evolutionary change will come of us.

How to Swim the Freestyle Stroke

Erika Eissler February 18, 2010 How to Swim the Freestyle Stroke The freestyle is also known as the front crawl or the sidestroke. It is used in competitions but there are no real regulations on how it has to be swum. Most swimmers choose to swim front crawl during freestyle competition because it is the fastest technique. For individual freestyle competitions, however, a swimmer can use any stroke they want, but during medley competitions they cannot use the breaststroke, butterfly stroke or backstroke. The freestyle stroke involves: coordination, movement and breathing. First off, coordination is the key to successfully learning how to swim. Visualize a line running down the center of the body from the chin to the chest. This line is the axis upon which the whole body should move, and it should extend horizontally in the direction one is swimming. Keep the legs straight with the toes pointed out, and kick up and down. The secret is to continue kicking the entire time. Remain horizontal in the water. A strong kick will keep the legs from sinking behind one’s body. The kick should not make a big splash, but rather, should just churn the surface of the water. Also remember to move the arms in a windmill motion opposite of each other. While one arm is extended completely out, the other should be all the way back, almost against the side of the body. Keep the hands flat, thumb separated from the index finger and pull the extended arm through the water beneath the body. Bend the arm at the elbow and draw the fingertips along the imaginary line down the center of the body. Stretch each stroke out as much as possible without ever pausing from the windmill motion. Most importantly, remember to breathe on one side by turning the head to that side as the arm comes out of the water. After that, lift the other arm out of the water and move it all the way forward as the first arm is pulling beneath the body. Then while bending at the elbow, drag the fingertips along the surface of the water. Penetrate the water with the fingertips and completely extend the arm. As the hands are being pulled through the water, keep them cupped firmly, but not rigidly. Fingers should be held just slightly apart. These few steps are the basics of learning how to freestyle swim. It is the most basic swim style and is very commonly used. Coordination, movement and breathing are the main factors in learning how to swim. These steps will definitely increase your swimming successfulness.

Change On Food Production Environmental Sciences Essay

Agribusiness is extremely dependent on specific clime conditions. Moderate heating and appropriate C dioxide in the ambiance may assist workss to turn faster. But more terrible clime alteration such as planetary heating, inundations, drouth, and hail may cut down outputs. Harmonizing the study, from 1981 to 1990, the mean planetary temperature has increased 0.48 A °C than 100 old ages ago. If nursery gas emanations continue the heating will besides go on, with temperatures projected to increase by 1.4 A °C to 5.8 A °C between 1990 and 2100. ( Richardson et al. 2011 ) Increases in temperature and C dioxide ( CO2 ) can be good for some harvests in some topographic points. But to recognize these benefits, food degrees, dirt wet, H2O handiness, and other conditions must besides be met. Higher Carbon dioxide degrees can increase outputs. The outputs for some harvests, like wheat and soya beans, could increase by 30 % or more under a doubling of CO2 concentrations. The outputs for ot her harvests, such as maize, exhibit a much smaller response ( less than 10 % addition ) . However, some factors may antagonize these possible additions in output. For illustration, if temperature exceeds a harvest ‘s optimum degree or if sufficient H2O and foods are non available, output additions may be reduced or reversed. Crops grown in the United States are critical for the nutrient supply here and around the universe. U.S. exports supply more than 30 % of all wheat, maize, and rice on the planetary market. Changes in temperature, sum of C dioxide ( CO2 ) , and the frequence and strength of extreme conditions could hold important impacts on harvest outputs. Warmer temperatures may do many harvests grow more rapidly, but warmer temperatures could besides cut down outputs. Crops tend to turn faster in warmer conditions. However, for some harvests ( such as grains ) , faster growing reduces the sum of clip that seeds have to turn and maturate. This can cut down outputs ( i.e. , the sum of harvest produced from a given sum of land ) . ( EPA 2012 ) All the job demand to hold fast and effectual ways to be solve good. In the text will speak other state utilize what solution to diminish the harm and to protect the harvest. Global heating has a serious impact on agricultural production, harmonizing to the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research ( CGIAR ) research study pointed out the exposure of agribusiness to climate warming public presentation of ingestion in the universe ‘s largest of several major assortments of grain, wheat, cereal, maize and rice are peculiarly sensitive to high temperature, decreased production will do nutrient deficits. ( CGIAR 2012 ) World Agro forestry Centre main ecologist Dr. Lewis aˆ? Will Carter study pointed out that the impact of clime alteration on agribusiness in developing states, for illustration, China ‘s agricultural production, the chief harvests are rice, wheat and maize, warming irrigated and rain-fed spring wheat production decreased by 17.7 % and 31.4 % , severally, the mean maize production will cut 3 % -7 % ; ( Chiras 2012 ) warming will speed up microbic decomposition of dirt organic affair, ensuing in the diminution of d irt birthrate, execution of the pesticide will increase and widen the harvest turning season, so that non merely increase agricultural costs, and affect the safety of the nutrient. ( Cline 2007 ) Solution: straw engineering is a stimulation of dirt birthrate, non merely put an terminal to the air pollution caused by straw combustion, and flesh outing output good to assist better its agricultural production. Warming chiefly due to the atmospheric concentrations of nursery gases ( CO2, CH4, and N2O ) concentration increased CO2 is the chief nursery gas, straw as a bearer stuff, energy and foods, is a valuable natural resource, straw is the straw is non straight feed straight or accretion composting installations into the dirt in a manner, the usage of straw engineering can better dirt belongingss, accelerated adobe ripening and better dirt birthrate by impacting dirt microbic biomass and microbic communities, and alterations in dirt physical and chemical belongingss, such as the many ways to increase the strength of dirt respiration, thereby increasing dirt C dioxide emanations, and can direct compensation the ingestion possible birthrate of the dirt, the biological rhythm acce lerated dirt stuff to advance the growing of good micro-organisms in the dirt better alimentary supply conditions to advance the addition of dirt organic affair and N, P, K and other content, better dirt wet keeping capacity, hiking harvest opposition. On the other manus, the mechanisation of straw including straw chopper compiled force per unit area to field a assortment of signifiers, the whole rod characteristic is convenient, fast, low-cost and big country of aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹soil birthrate advantage ; it has been one of the more mature engineerings. ( Meng et al. 2008 ) After 1760s Industrial Revolution, release more C dioxide, ensuing in runing snow to do more inundations and influence nutrient production. For illustration Yangtze river is the highest frequence of inundations in China, one of the infestation of serious natural catastrophes, ( Wanfang Data 2012 ) so for work outing the job there are two ways, cut downing C footmark and concept dike in the Crop-growing countries, use the reservoir to command inundation. ( Luo 2002 ) So for cut downing C footmark, first is China authorities encourage mills to emission gas after Purification of C dioxide, second is authorities investing research new energy. If C footmark can cut down success, may non hold excessively many inundations and nutrient production will increase. For forestalling to cut down nutrient production from inundations, China authorities built Three Gorges Project from 1994 for protect the center and lower ranges of the Yangtze River, although Three Gorges Project has Flood control, p ower coevals and transportation, including inundation control, are considered the nucleus benefits of the Three Gorges Project. So make certain protect Crop-growing countries. ( Baidu 2012 ) When the clime alteration, it besides make the drouth Frequent happening, a batch of Crop-growing countries nutrient production sudden cut down, people can increase nutrient production for work outing the job, and there is a scientist did really good in this, he created a new sort of rice, Yuan Longping, Studied of intercrossed rice engineering from 1964, three lines back uping in 1973, bred the first intercrossed rice South High Yielding Combinations first-class No. 2 in 1974, developed in 1975, the success of intercrossed rice cultivation engineering for the big graduated table intercrossed rice laid the foundation. iZhuang 2008i?†° For increasing nutrient production we need to advance the cultivation of Yuan Longping â€Å" intercrossed rice † . Yuan Longping went to eight states recent old ages including the Philippines, the United States, Japan, France, Britain, Italy, Egypt, Australia, has been invited to give talks, Teach techniques, take part in academic conferenc es or proficient cooperation and research international academic activities 19 times. Hybrid rice go to the universe, the United States, Japan, the Philippines, Brazil, Argentina and more than 100 states have introduced intercrossed rice and we need do better. ( CCTV News 2012i?†° Internationally, the effects of clime alteration on agribusiness and nutrient production are likely to be similar to those seen in the United States and China. The effects of clime alteration besides necessitate to be considered along with other germinating factors that affect agricultural production, such as alterations in agriculture patterns and engineering. As the reader understanding from the text, some solutions and make ways are from experts, but non all of the famers have high instruction and high accomplishment to salvage the low nutrient production because of clime alteration. Many husbandmans because there was n't adequate agricultural cognition lead to cut down the figure of harvest production. Such as China, Farmers mean instruction by deficiency of fixed figure of twelvemonth 7 old ages. In about 490 million rural labour force, the primary school civilization grade and illiteracy semiliterate histories for 40.31 % , the junior in-between school civilization grade of 48. 01 % , high school civilization grade of 9.7 % , proficient secondary school civilization degree 2 % , above college civilization degree accounted for merely 0.52 % . ( Dong et al. 2006 ) If can non better the instruction quality of famers that will effects the agribusiness development. These phenomena get the attending of the authorities. A batch of local agribusiness agency has begun to action, they launch a preparation class Teach husbandmans better cultivation of nutrient, and besides reply famer ‘s inquiry about works the harvest. The agribusiness agency besides distribution of free engineering books to husbandmans about pollution-free veggies cultivation and the quality and safety of agribusiness merchandises. Through the preparation, better the husbandmans ‘ scientific discipline and engineering quality, developing they rely on scientific discipline and engineering to increase nutrient production. The authorities besides hope famers use their new cognition to make the new assortments can turn up in the different clime, and get the better of the terrible environment alteration to do nutrient production jobs to minimum. ( HNXNC 2012 )

Example of conversation Essays

Example of conversation Essays Example of conversation Paper Example of conversation Paper On the other hand, Stefanos and Angeliki, kinesthetic learners that collaborated in the non-computer based approach, helped each other in a bigger degree during the construction of the model, since they were familiar on working with materials and they both had the chance experimenting with the materials. This reinforces Flemings (2008) suggestion that kinesthetic learners have experience and feel comfortable in the science lab. Still, in some cases Stefanos handled the materials for longer and Angeliki was just helping by bringing the appropriate materials for the development of the model. Stefanos: No Angeliki is not like that, let me do it. I have used this tool again and I can manage better. Go fetch the globe and the Sun, please.  Angeliki: Ok, I am going but then I want to try too You shouldnt do everything by yourself! The teacher said that both together have to develop the model.  Stefanos: Ok, I will let you do the next thing  The above conversations indicate that there were factors that influenced the teaching process and werent strictly related with students learning styles, but with students experiences, as Milgram (2007) suggests too. Boys in both situations tended to dominate girls, while this was more obvious in the computer-based approach. That is due to the fact that boys, as Milgram s (2007) also suggests, have more experience with the hand-on lab equipment than girls, something that was observed occurring in the present study in the computer and the science lab. As it concerns the students that had visual learning preferences and worked in the two groups different characteristics of the two learning approaches revealed to benefit them. Specifically, the fact that Stagecast Creator is a program that uses images for creating rules and doesnt require a programming language was very supportive for Katerina and George (visual learners), since they could easily express their understandings through images. However, students were considering their animations as exact representations of reality, something that Osborne and Henessy (2003) also supported, so they were trying to create a model that was representing the phenomenon. Still, the group of visual learners that participated in the non computer-based teaching approach found some difficulties on developing a model, since they could visualize how they wanted their model to look like by seeing all the materials available to them, but in the practice they found difficulties in actually doing what they wished. Moreover, the two teaching approaches revealed to promote in a big degree the conversations between students with auditory strengths. In both groups, the couples that had auditory learning preference were discussing for longer time than the other two couples in order to express their ideas and find solutions for any problems they came across, something that strengthens Felders (1988) idea that auditory learners are good at explaining things to others and participating in conversations. However, the fact that they could add sound and write text that was explaining what their model represented and how, was an additional advantage for students with auditory learning preference who participated in the computer-based modeling approach. Considering studys findings, I argue that a modeling-based approach can facilitate students understanding about a scientific phenomenon, if educators adopt appropriate activities that correspond to students individual needs. Also, the use of computer-based programming environments for a modeling procedure can be quite beneficial for developing students modeling skills. However, in order for that to be accomplished is essential for students to become comfortable on using computers during science lessons. CONCLUSIONS The current study identifies fifth graders interactions with two different modeling- based approaches, one computer-based and one non computer-based, when they are taught a scientific phenomenon and makes a correlation with students learning styles. Both approaches were based on constructivism, so a link with this pedagogic approach is made. In this sense, the focus was on students conversation types, their activities, the program strategies they developed during their work with the computer-based modeling tool as well as on their opinions that were expressed through group interviews. Through this is recognized which of the two modeling approaches can support and facilitate students understandings in a more coherent way and which factors, basically related to students individual needs, affect that. It was found that the two modeling-based environments that were designed and implemented in this study were valuable in promoting students understanding about the physical phenomenon under study (how day and night occurs). Through modeling-based teaching students were able to express their ideas about the phenomenon and refine them later on in the light of new evidence. Furthermore, the fact that the two approaches included activities that corresponded to every students individual learning preference appeared to be significant, since all students needs were fulfilled. However, the implementation of SC, the computer-based modeling tool that was used for the purposes of this study revealed to be more promising in enhancing students modeling skills. This was due to the fact that the specific programming environment enabled students to test, revise and validate their models through a friendly and motivating environment of experimenting and debugging knowledge. In addition, students individual characteristics seemed to be supported from different features of the two modeling approaches. Specifically, certain activities were helpful for some students with a specific learning style, while they ignored other activities. Therefore, the need for using a range of activities in a teaching approach that correspond to every learning style is highlighted. At this point it is important to be mentioned that gender differences, not strictly related with students learning style were observed. Furthermore, the computer-based program that was used increased students motivation since they received direct and continuous feedback that helped them revise their models. SC offered the ability to every student to use it according to his or her personal needs, since audio, images, animation and hands-on activities were available. On the other hand, students working with materials were likely to create their models with a specific way, since they didnt have many options. However, kinesthetic learners were collaborating more efficiently with the non computer-based approach since both students were able to interact with hands-on activities, while during the computer-based approach one of them was using the mouse. Even if findings from the current study cant be used in generalization for the student population, since it was a small-scale research, it is suggested that modeling-based approaches should be well designed in order to correspond to every students individual needs. Still, it is recommend that apart from learning styles, other factors like gender and age should be investigated in order to see how they affect the modeling-based teaching in a science lesson. Further researchers might also find it useful to examine which modeling approach, a computer-based modeling approach or a modeling approach based on laboratory settings, can support better students on developing modeling skills that can use in novel situations. Moreover, further research could be conducted in order to study how students experiences and confidence with computers or laboratory settings can affect two different modeling approaches similar with those of the present study.

Exercise Your Editing with This Exercise

Exercise Your Editing with This Exercise Exercise Your Editing with This Exercise Exercise Your Editing with This Exercise By Mark Nichol Editing is as much an art as writing is. Whether you’re finessing your own writing or revising the work of another, the process requires simultaneous attention to multiple issues: spelling, grammar, style, accuracy, formality, and the subjective aspect of substance: providing context, assigning meaning and conveying value, and more. When I was a copyediting instructor, one of my favorite activities was creating error-ridden editing exercises for my students. (Sadistic, I know but they got their money’s worth.) Here, I inflict one such compositional concentration of calamity of on you free of charge. But before you read beyond the following paragraph, copy and paste it and give it your best editing effort, then come back and compare your revision with mine: â€Å"On Jan. 20th, 1960 then-President John Kennedy delivered his notorious Ask Not What You Can Do for Your Country Speech. Kennedy launched not only America’s Space Program that sent men to the moon, but stood up to Russia when they threatened the free world during the missile crisis. During his Presidency, Peace Corps was formed; the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was signed by the Soviets; and the Civil Rights Act was passed. (However, he stumbled when, in a speech in Berlin in 1963, he told the Germans, â€Å"Ich bin ein Berliner.† He intended to communicate â€Å"I am a Berliner,† but the way he said it meant, â€Å"I am a jelly doughnut.†) Only 42-years-old when elected, the youngest president, his legacy is a less than three year presidency compared with Camelot.† Here’s my quick fix, followed by annotations: â€Å"President John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address on January 20, 1961, is memorable for the statement â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you ask what you can do for your country,† and he answered his own challenge. During his administration, he not only pressed for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to achieve a manned landing on the Moon by the end of the 1960s but also confronted the Soviet Union over that country’s plan to install nuclear weapons in Cuba that would be aimed at the United States. Also, during Kennedy’s presidency, tragically abbreviated when he was assassinated on November 22, 1963, the Peace Corps was formed; the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom signed the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty; and Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The legacy of Kennedy, only forty-two years old when he was elected, is of a brief period of peace and prosperity; indeed, his administration was compared to the glory of King Arthur’s Camelot.† Note the correction of the style of the month and date, and correction of the year itself. Our thirty-fifth president’s name is John F. Kennedy. If I had retained â€Å"then-President† before Kennedy’s name, I would omit the hyphen and lowercase the name of the office, which because of the modifier then becomes an epithet rather than a specific job title. Because Kennedy’s inaugural address is notable for other excerpts as well, I chose, in identifying it, to focus on the line giving it in its entirety and not on the speech. But if you do refer to a speech, style the reference as follows: â€Å"his ‘Ask not what you can for your country’ speech.† (Also, notorious is not an apt description for the address.) If I were editing someone else’s work, I would query for the writer’s approval of insertion of â€Å"he answered his own challenge,† which I think provides a transition to what would otherwise be merely a grocery list of accomplishments. I corrected the erroneous â€Å"not only . . . but also† construction. There is no such entity as â€Å"America’s Space Program,† so the latter two words should not have been capitalized. (And, whenever possible, use the more precise â€Å"United States† in place of America in reference to the nation.) In this context, moon is the formal name of an astronomical feature, rather than a generic word for such a phenomenon, and should therefore be capitalized. Although Russia is an informal alternative to â€Å"the Soviet Union,† it should be avoided in such usage. (â€Å"The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics† was the official name of the country during this period, but the two-word version is acceptable.) A nation is a singular entity and should not be referred to as â€Å"they.† â€Å"Free world† is subjective and provocative in this otherwise neutrally written passage. Because of the lack of specificity and capitalization, â€Å"the missile crisis† implies a previous reference to the incident. It should be referred to by its capitalized full name. As written, the sentence beginning â€Å"During his Presidency† (there is no reason to capitalize presidency, by the way) requires only commas, not semicolons. I retained the latter punctuation marks only because I rewrote the list of achievements in a complex form, with internal commas in the second item. I also revised the passive construction to active form. I inserted the phrase about his assassination to provide context. â€Å"Peace Corps,† like the similarly constructed names of most entities, should be preceded by the article the. Several nations signed the treaty, and if any are identified, all should be identified. The phrase â€Å"of 1964† is part of the formal name of the act. The â€Å"Ich bin ein Berliner† gaffe is a popular myth; residents of Berlin did not, and do not, call jelly doughnuts â€Å"Berliner.† (Beyond that, even if the story were true, the incident is minor when compared with the other highlights of Kennedy’s presidency listed here, and the passage provides insufficient context.) A person’s age, when not applied as a modifier, should not be hyphenated (except for linking ones-place and tens-place numbers, as in forty-two). Also, I prefer to follow The Chicago Manual of Style in spelling ages out. The first phrase of the last sentence is a dangling modifier; â€Å"the . . . president† is incorrectly identified as his own legacy. â€Å"The youngest president† is an awkwardly truncated interjection. My more extended parenthetical is only one of several possibilities. The phrase â€Å"less than three year,† as a modifier for presidency, should be hyphenated; I deleted the entire phrase because it seemed to distract from the point of the passage. Also, there was insufficient context for the reference to Camelot. This passage could be edited in as many versions as there are editors, and, given further context, would be further improved by additional changes. My effort attends to the deficiencies in the several categories I listed in the first paragraph of this post. Share in a comment below how and why your edits differ from mine and others. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs EnquireHow to Punctuate Descriptions of ColorsA "Diploma" is not a "Degree"

National Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

National Health Care - Essay Example However it lags behind when it comes to the quality of the service it renders for the welfare of its citizens. In a report published by World Health Organization (WHO) in 2000. the United States was ranked 37th in the world in health care (Neergaard, 2000). This only shows that America's opulence and superpower status does not mean that it has the healthiest populace. How come that despite the huge budget of Americans, compared to the French and the Japanese, in health care they are still left behind in terms of medical care What are the yardsticks by which we measure the effectiveness of the health care system of a nation According to the same WHO report that mentioned the poor heath care performance of the United States, the criteria that wherein they base their criteria on the three primary goals that a superb health system should do. The first criteria is the status of health of the people, the second refers to the responsiveness of the health care system to the medical needs to the citizenry, and the last refers to the fairness in financing the costs that the public incurs. There are many different indicators that present the overall health status and well being of a country's population. Among the most important of them are infant mortality rates and "disability-adjusted life expectancy ('the number of healthy years that can be expected on average in a given population.'). In 1998, the infant mortality of the United States was 7.2 per 1000 live births. This figure makes US 26th among the industrialized nations. Though, in the same report, the US ranked first in its responsiveness to client/patient health expectations, it does not provide an accurate picture of the real events that take place in the US soil. Though it is true that US health care provides the best service, another unfortunate revelation is the unfortunate fact that US has the most expensive health care system in the world. In 1998, the US spent $4,178 per person on health, more than twice the amount of the median of developed and industrialized countries, which was pegged at $1,783 per person. On top of this is the unequal access of Americans to health care. Millions of Americans do not have insurance or have limited access to finance health care. The United States is one of the two industrialized countries (the other is South Africa) that do not provide health care for all its citizens (World Health Organization, as cited by The University of Maine, pp.2-5). This leaves millions of Americans incapable of enjoying the quality of medical care service that is touted as the best in the world. All the above data were published in a WHO report published in 2000. What is alarming is after seven years this issue has not been resolved. In 2005, more than 46 million US residents are still uninsured and desperately need adequate health care. By increasingly shifting health care costs to employees, employers pass their responsibility of providing health coverage to US workers, leaving them struggling to pay higher premiums, deductibles, and co-payments. Because of this, most of them opted to forgo health insurance, risking their lives to be subjected to health hazards without appropriate and timely financial relief (American Federation of Labor - Congress of Industrial Organizations). Another glaring issue that haunts US health care is the existence of corporate