Teanage Driving Essay Example for Free

Teanage Driving EssayImagine you just hit a motorcar head-on. Its probably because you atomic number 18 below(a) the influence. This is why experts say the effort age should be raised to age 18. The minimum driving age differs from bow to state. The lowest driving age in the United States is 13. That is in the state of Nebraska. You founder to be thirteen course of studys old qualify for a elicit husbandry permit. The 13 year old can operate onward-road vehicles used in farming. The g overnment is considering raising the legal driving age. It should be raised because near of the teens who will or are driving will be doing things they know they should not do.They do things analogous texting on their cell phone and speeding over the limit. It is also because they are under peer pressure. automobile accidents are approximatelyly caused be teenagers. They take their own lives when they dont wear their cigarette belts or are out past their curfews. The law keeps the vo ting age at 18 and buying alcoholic drink at 21 but let a 16 days old have the responsibility of taking the busy streets. The legal driving age should be raised to age 18 because most teenagers are not responsible, most teens text while driving, and lives can be saved.First, the driving age should be raised because most teens are not responsible. Car crashes that are caused by teenage drivers are the number one devourer of teens in America today. They kill most between 15 and 21 year old. 13% of teens said that they have been in a car with the driver had drunk alcohol before driving. 14% of teens say that they drive after drinking. 36% of teens say that they had ridden with a driver who had been drinking. Motor vehicle crashes kill between 5,000 to 6,000 people every year. Driving is something that requires focus and decision making. Teenagers are still developing self-control and appropriate emotional responses to a situation that might be going on. Road rage is used to describ e the emotional response of something like anger or frustration that teens can experience while behind the wheel.Some teenagers get hurt just because they know that they should put on their seat belt and they dont. Also, it is because the teenager doesnt go home at their curfew. If a teenager wears his seat belt it reduces the risk of dying by 45%. Teenagers are the youngest people to not wear their seat belt. Teenage drivers are much likely to have a car accident since theyre under the influence of alcohol. A drivers license provides privileges other than driving. Four out of six teens that drinks and drive kill drivers 20 or younger that will in a disastrous crash. One out of three teens will have a car accident within the first two years of driving.Secondly, the driving age should be raised because teens are texting while driving. 56% of teenagers answer and make phone calls while they are driving. 13% of teens say that they have sent and responded to text messages while drivi ng. 45% of teens said that they would speak up if someone else was driving in a way that scared them. Texting while driving gives you a four times of a chance to having a car accident. Distracted drivers account for 80% of crashes that was from 18 to 20 year old. If we get teenagers off of the roads, then there would be fewer car crashes.Next, if teenagers dont drive, lives can be saved. Allison Reboratti was a 19 year old. She had boyfriend named Steven Filipak. They both are in the state of Pennsylvania. Steven had driven them to Stevens friends house. Steven got drunk and passed out. When he got conscious the both of them left. He got conscious on the early daybreak of May 9, 2001. Allison had let Steven drive the car home. Neither of them had their seat belt on when Steven had lost control of the car. He had hit a sign post, a fence, and an evergreen tree. Someone had called the paramedics. When the paramedics arrived, Allison was found dead lying across Stevens lap. Steven was breathing, but unconscious. He was taken to the hospital. He had broken bones and brain damage. He had to stay in the hospital for five months. This story proves that the driving age should be raised. Male drivers between the ages of 15 and 20 were involved in fatal crashes. 37% were speeding and 26% were drinking.Five percent of teenagers admit to driving a car after drinking alcohol. Eight hundredths percent of drivers have alcohol in their blood. Almost three out of four teen drivers were killed in a crash after drinking and driving and they wasnt wearing a seat belt. 56% of teens deaths occur on Friday, Saturday, or Sunday. Fatal crashes rate from 16 to 19 year old. Teenage drivers are more likely to get into a car accident than older drivers. 55% of teens said that they go over ten miles per hour the limit. Some teens even go over 80 miles per hour while driving. 17% of teens say that they think that speeding is fun. 44% of teens said that they would drive more safely if their friends were not in the car. 67% of teens said that they felt unsafe would when someone else was driving. 37% of teens say that they would ride with one or more friends who speed in the coming year. Over 40% of teen crashes deaths occur between 9 P.M. and 6 A.M. 60% of teens auto deaths occur before midnight.Therefore, the driving age should be raised to age 18. It should be raised because most teenagers are not responsible, text while driving, and lives can be saved. Also, it should be raised because most teenagers under age drink and their drinking leads to them having car accidents. Teenagers kill thousands of people every year. Lots of teenagers make and answer phone calls while they are driving. In addition, teens kill more people than mid-aged adults. That concludes the reasons why the driving age should be raised to age 18.

Global Communications Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Global Communications Worksheet EssayYour supervisor wants to send a brief e-mail message, welcoming employees recently transferred to your department from different regions across the company, which argon Brazil, Russia, India, and china. Create a clear and concise welcome message that would be appropriate for these groups of employees.Research the communication style of each of the following countriesBrazilRussiaIndiaChinaTranscribe the following welcome message for the employees from each countryI wanted to welcome you ASAP to our little family here in the States. Its high-pitched time we shook hands in person and not just across the sea. Im pleased as punch about getting to know you all, and I for one will do my level best to sell you on America.Complete the table below with your transcribed welcome messages. also indicate whether each of the countries are more individualistic or relationship focused, and whether they are direct or indirect in their communication.Country Transcribe take in MessageRelationship or Individualistic?Direct or Indirect?Brazil

The Strict Internet Censorship Of China

The Strict Inter winnings Censorship Of ChinaUndoubtedly, the net profit has contend an active prosecutement in the average Chinese life ( net profit Content Control in China, p.3) The cyberspace is expected to enable Chinese to excite more than chances to access wide-ranging randomness sources, which are essential for democracy. As a main way of accessing to culture, search engine has played a crucial single-valued function in the process of building public field of operation in mainland China. According to the survey, in the first half-year of 2010, the utilization rate of search engine among all net citizens has increased by 3%, to 76.3% the number of users for search engine has reached 320 million and. Since 2009, search engine had entered into a period of rapid development of bleak cycle. Internet users have applied search engine more frequently and turned to Internet and search engine as to the acquisition of all in makeation in life more (CINIC, 2010).Google is the largest search engine company that supplies globose development run in the world. In 2006, Google began to operate google.cn for Chinese public. As a global available search engine, Google can provide more sources outside of china to Chinese. In 2005, 32.9% users would use Google to search information in Beijing of china (CINIC, 2005 , P.11).It is for the most part agreed that Internet contri ande to fostering a virtual space of communication by offering new forms of bonding and solidarity on cyberspace new ways of forging cultural communities in local contexts (Morley, 2000). Specifically, lots open access to information by using global Internet search engines, such as Google may seduce a healthier public sphere on cyberspace, which can work as a cultural and social space that should be open, diverse and accessible (Golding Murdock, 1991). To this extent, globally available search engine, such as Google, can contribute to establish public sphere in china.It assumed that Go ogle is compete a demonstrable role to facilitate public sphere in china. However, the situation is contrary. Although Google censored turn overably less than the different search engines, it also unavoidableness to obey the regulation and integrity of censoring of china. Internet companies all acknowledged filtering out and censoring governmentally sensitive information due to Chinas restrictive censorship policies. When Google complied with Chinese censorship in order to enter Chinas fast-growing market, it became to the shot of Chinese censorship to control the flow of information.Why google cannot facilitate public sphere in china? In general there are two reasons.First reason is that profit motive makes Google compromise with china. Behind the surface tensions in the midst of the Chinese regulatory power and Internet corporations, it can be widely acknowledged that the corporal-Chinese organization deal provides abundant pecuniary gains to US technology companies by enabling them to attract Chinese consumers in a lucrative Chinese Internet market with appealing, yet non-controversial material (MDMH, P.411).According to the statistics from survey, china is a considerable large market over world. As a company, Googles main goal is to gain the profit, when face to the economic interest, its responsibility to protect the human rights becomes less historic. Googles talent of facilitate public sphere is restricted by the censorship of china. Because of the profit motives, Google have to comply the censorship that is the cost of doing business in china (china dilemma, p.4). For chasing the financial benefit, Googles compromise of Chinese censorship undermine its ability of contribute to form public sphere in china.This new alliance between the two distinguishable power groups is based on two state and corporate censorship measures. While the global dissemination of Internet communication operates under fundamental corporate guidelines, such as the free market principle along with the freedom of expression political orientation, global Internet information flow is also mediated by local censorship and surveillance policies and political particulars within a social context (MDMH, P.411).Strict censorship of chinaOnce google accepted to censor the information that means googles information are under harsh control. China has a very restrict system of censorship on Internet, which curb google to contribute information to establish the public sphere in china.Chinese government control the flow of information on interentet not only limit network services but also monitor traffic and users (Great leap or long march, p.705). Chine Internet censorship can be divided into two separate, unity is regulation and law, and some other one is the technologic control. Law and regulation was considered as the internal control of Internet in china.It is impossible to block the use Internet, as a result, Chinese government issued the law an d regulation to make the access of information were under the officially control. Chinese communistic party (CCP) makes the surveillance on the Internet legal by publishing related regulations and laws. Chinese government published a directive to regulate the use of the Internet in 1996(Great leap or long march, p.705). In 1997, Internet control law was added into Chinese Criminal Law. Since 1995, when commercial Internet accounts were began permitting in china, more and more laws issued to control content of Internet. For instance, finale of the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress on Maintaining Internet Security (2000) Measures for Managing Internet Information Services (2000) Provisional Rules for the Administration of the Operation of News proceeds Services by Web Sites (2000) Rules for the Administration of Internet Bulletin Board organization Services (2000) Rules for the Administration of Computer Internet Bulletin Board System Services in the Colleges (200 1) Interim Provisions on the Administration of Internet Publication (2002)50. Other rules are aimed at Internet caf, state secrecy, network security, and encryption, but they also indirectly have a strong impact on Internet content regulation. Even some rules for infrastructure or connections include edible on content governance (Internet content control in china, p.18).According to the law and regulation in 2000, the forbidden of sensitive content and the restrictions on the dissemination of news aim to control the spread the information that be critical to Chinese government. Moreover, Internet service providers (ISPs) and Internet content providers (ICPs) are required to terminal users data to monitor whether user post or access to information that are unapproved by Chinese government (Internet in china). For Internet company, they must add ICP licence that allowed it operate business in china. For example, google has to comply the rules on licences that apply a range of perm its. According to that, google are imposed to do self-censorship for filtering keywords that unapproved by CCP. If google do not obey the rules, Chinese government can cancel the licences to prohibit googles right to engage business rase accuse google.To put the regulation and law into practice, Chinese government also censor the information by using technical means. Millions of dollars have invested to develop the information technology that distributes the system to limit the approachability of online resources in china (The china Dilemma, p.3). Chinese government is also implementing its own e-government witness which is called Government Online Project(E-government in china, p.3). Internet content filtering in china has been considered as the most complex and sophisticated around the world.Chinese government planed the Golden Shield project in 1998 and started that plan in 2003. It claimed that Golden Shied project employ advanced information technology to safeguard the secur ity of online information and crime combating capacity, which aim to develop efficient police work (Golden shield project). It estimated that Golden Shied project had spent 70 million dollars on research to date, and that the total spending would likely be even more than that.One of the most important parts of this project is the Great firewall of china. The main function of the Great firewall is to block the accessing of forbidden materials on sites outside China. The Great firewall employ newer domain name server IP spoken language filtering, URL keyword filtering, Web Server IP address filtering, HTML Response Keyword filtering, and DNS redirection to achieve the goal of blocking undesirable information. One hand, these technologies including the hardware and software package are implemented to prevent police work from attack. On the other hand, the most important role of these technologies is to monitor and filter the flow of information.It is argued that google should reject the self-censorship in china. However, under dual pressure of stringent law and advanced technological control, google faces the dilemma in china. There only two choices for google, one is to do self- censorship, another is to be filtered by Great firewall in china. No matter google chose which side, Chinese government will enforce google to filter the keywords that crucial to public debate and democracy. David Drummond, Googles senior(a) vice president, said that if google do not filter keywords, Chinese government could block even more sites which still disappointed Chinese public. (Google rules, p. 41)This is one of the reasons Google, in 2006, started Google.cn. Among other characteristics, Google.cn was more quickly accessed than Google.com because it filtered out content in- side China, bypassing the Great Firewall. For example, a search for Tiananmen Square on Go- ogle.com results in pictures of the man standing in front of the tank, as well as other websites related to 1989 . Google.cn, in contrast, shows tourist sites re- lated to the Square and pleasant looking holiday images. No mention is do of the events of 1989.7 Moreover, if a search for images of the Dalai Lama is made on Google.cn, of the 161 images returned only one is of the Tibetan Buddhist. The same search on Google.com results in 2,030 found images.8 If one lived in China it might be forgiven for thinking many of these historical events and persons never existed (Just doing business or doing just business, p.221).The whole system of censorship on Internet works effectively. Why the Internet can be controlled in china? There are two main reasons behind the phenomena.Political aspect makes the role of Internet in china different from other countries. In general, most of keywords censored are related to politics in china and CCP have open up the diffusion of non-political information. Take the BBC sites as a instance, it can be accessed expect political news. As is know to all, china is no t a democratic ground that has a unique political environment. CCP has absolute authority to affect the public sphere. Since Republic of China has been established in 1949, CCP have made effort to energy the control of ideology by employing sophisticated censorship. The mainly information from Chinese media are used for propaganda.Internet, especially the searching engine used to be the official document to monitor the public opinion to reinforce CCPs one-party regime. In 1990s, when internet has been introduced in china, it has provided a forum of public debate and democracy for Chinese. Then CCP has relaised the important role of internet and apply law and technology to filter the keyword which jeopardy the authority. As Kellner (1999) argues, Internet can be used as a tool for state power to increase the control or can be used as a tool to establish public sphere. According to that, CCP form authoritarian censorship on interenet to enforce it only to server for Government.In addition, CCP control the flow of information outside china because the fear of against Chinese communist government from west countries. For example, Wei Wu (great leap) claimed that since the end of cold war, Chinese government still worried about those anti-chinese communist government reporters from west might offer information on internet to against CCP. While the internet is global available, Chinese can access some information related to democracy and other west ideology. CCP consider that west ideology can affect the public opinion to endanger one-party regime. To safeguard the surveillance, CCP establish the great firewall to block the sites related to those west ideology about democracy and freedom of speech.Besides the political aspect, china has a lack of fundamental social environment of freedom of speech. Most of Chinese people tend have no sense of freedom of speech. Although scholars like Guobin Yang (the power of the internet in china) argued that more and more onli ne debate and movements about democracy have took place online since 1990, china is lack of the basic to form public sphere on Internet.To begin with, Chinese people educated by Marxist which do not emphasise the importance of freedom of speech. Since 1949, Marxist which is the mainstream ideology in china is deferent from west ideology about democracy. To this extent, Chinese people do not have deep understan of democracy and freedom of speech, which are negative to establish the public sphere.Furthermore, Chinese citizen trend to have more concerns about parsimony than politicos. Generally speaking, china is a developing country with large population. A number of people in china focus on the developing of economic system to improve their level of life condition rather than consider the public sphere. For some Chinese people who are suffering from poverty, the freedom of speech even is a luxury right (Internet content contrl).Future of Google and chinaBecause of hack attack, Goog le.cn was shut down on 12 January 2010 and visitors are now being redirected to Google.com.hk (google rules). It is believed that Google.com.hk is an set aside way to solve the problem between china and Google (Google offical blog). Google.com.hk is legal to uncensored and provide more information, yet it would be filtered by Great firewall even it has the risk to be prohibited in mainland of china.As a result, it is difficult to judge that whether google.com.hk can continue to supply information to facilitate public sphere in china. Googles ability to contribute public sphere of china still depends on the censorship of china. David Drummond argued that governments in the West should put pressure on Chinese government to improve the internet enviroment in china(Google rules, p. 35). U.S. government and the European Union have not complained or strongly against Chinas filtering of the Internet. The U.S. Congress has not passed its own laws or resolutions to address the issue of cens orship in China. It continues to support business with China (Google china).Nevertheless, Chinese government is under pressure recently and attempting to establish more open and right-down media system. One significant example is the filtering during the 2008 exceeding Games. In 2001, Chinese government promised that there would be no restrictions on journalists in reporting on the Olympic Games (Access controlled, p.468). Although some websites were still blocked, websites containing politically sensitive content were accessible during 2008 Olympic Games. Moreover, most international social media websites were accessible, such as Blogspot, Facebook, and Twitter. Another example is happened in 2010 shanghai expo in china. Computer users can access to most of websites that may blocked before. These two examples indicates that Chinese government has realised that their responsibility to create more open public sphere for Chinese and international public. The open of internet environ ment just need to be taking gradually in china.ConclusionThis emerging public sphere on the Web tends to enable more democratic sharing of information and lead to a new political awareness based on informed civic engagement (Fischer, 2000). However, average citizens are not in a good position relative to both global corporate forces and influential government regulatory regimes in terms of making rules and policies to manage the global flow of cyber- communication. Given that technology brings change, both positive and negative, in relation to social interactions and power dynamics, it should be recognized that technology also involves regulation or restriction by the state or other social forces because the information technology, i.e., the Internet, is not separated from the social and political context in which it is created and operated (Marshall, 2003 Fischer, 2000).The question is no longer how the Internet will affect china it is how china will affect the Internet (Who contro ls the internet, p.104).

Purchase behaviour of Malaysians

Purchase behaviour of MalaysiansThe previous chapter has highlighted the objective and likewise the immenseness of this study.This chapter will cover previous literature of each topic argona.Literature re count are known as the split secondhand sources obtained from published work such as journals,books,masters thesis,articles,conference proceedings and other reports.It is vital in supporting the hypotheses that will be discussed the next chapter.The changes in Malaysia turn taboo been acknowledged by its admirers and critics alike. Two decades of uninterrupted sparing growth and political stability have managed to guarantee nearly-full employment and a constant rise in living standards for the population (Noor, 1996). The rise of this consumerist culture would non have been possible had it not been for the loyal support of Malaysias youth, for it is they who are both the patrons and targets of this youth-oriented consumerism (Noor, 1996).T he study conducted by Singhapakdi, et., al. (1999) compared Malaysia and the US in terms of their perceptions of merchandise situations, their attitudes toward avocation and salespeople, and their personal moral philosophies. The survey results reveal some significant differences between the consumers from these two countries. It indicated that Malaysia is more oriented towards cultural leanings than that of the United States. Self- type, intersection image and their combination, self-congruity, are beta concepts in consumer behaviour. They have been hypothesised and found to affect significantly product extract and purchase intention. Questern, Karunaratna and Goh (2000) studied two samples (Australia and Malaysia) from contrasting cultural backgrounds are compared in relation to the importance of self-congruity with respect to four stigmatizes of two products categories of contrasting involvement levels. Unexpectedly, samples from Australia and Malaysia were found to use differently actual vs ideal self-image in their product evaluation. This confirms over exclusively the role of self-congruence in consumers choice and points to the need for further investigation of this concept in a cross-cultural context.2.2 Independent changeable2.2.1 Purchasing Behaviordetermine the definite reasons that figure out consumers and their purchasing attitudes that directly linked to consumer closing making has belong a significant focus of consumer explore. Thus, a large number of studies have sampled how individual consumers learn what to purchase (Keillor et al., 1996 Moschis and Churchill, 1978 Ward, 1974). According to Sproles and Kend solely (1986, Pg. 268), a consumers purpose making style is a mental orientation characterising a consumers approach to making choices. To conceptualise these styles a pretending which composed of eighter mental orientations of consumers purpose making behaviour was established by Sproles and Kendall (1986). The 8 characteristics arePerfectionism/Quality con scious finish style that is concerned Shoppers with this decision making style will not settle with products grade as safe(p) with perfection. enoughBrand conscious decision style that is concerned with getting luxurious, renowned inciter. Consumers with this style believe that the higher the legal injury of a goods, the better the quality. These consumers also aware of a brand as a distinct product separate from others as it is related to to image and perceptionNovelty fashion conscious decision style for keep in lineking out new things. The behaviour reflects a assay of innovative products and a motivation to keep up to date with new styles and fashion trends.Habitual and Brand committedness Decision style for shopping at the same stores and tendency to buy the same brands each time.Recreational shopping conscious decision style that view shopping as being enjoyable. Buyers with this trait enjoy the stimulation of looking for and choosing products. toll and value cons cious decision style that is concerned with getting abase hurt. It also suggests that the consumer is conscious of sale charges and intends to get the take up value for their m iodiny.Impulsive and careless tendencies decision style that describes a shopper who does not plan their shopping and appears unconcerned with how much he or she spends. Consumers with this style might regret their decision later.Confused by over choice decision style that reflects a insufficiency of confidence and lack of ability to deal with the number of choices available. Consumers with this trait experience info overload.The eight features describe the most basic mental characteristics of a consumers decision making, which are directly associated to consumer purchase behaviour. Such knowledge is also essential in identifying segments of consumers sharing similar attitudes to shopping (Lyonksi et al., 1996). Besides the eight-factor consumer decision-making orientation model, work by Sproles (19 85) and Sproles and Kendall (1986) developed the Consumer Style Inventory (CSI) which is used to evaluate consumer decision-making styles on the basis of a sample of United States (U.S.) teenagers. This method has been applied to different societies in eight different countries, including the U.S. (Sproles, 1985, Sproles and Kendall, 1986, Lysonski et al., 1996), New Zealand (Durvasula et al., 1993, Lysonski et al., 1996), United Kingdom(Mitchell and Bates, 1998), South Korea (Hafstorm et al., 1992), Greece, India (Lysonski et al., 1996), Germany (Walsh et al., 2001) and China (Fan and Xiao, 1998, Hui et al., 1999, Hui et al., 2000).By using 210 university student samples in New Zealand, there were eight characteristics, same as Sproles (1986) findings, place in Durvasulas (1993) research. However, in Lysonskis (1996) New Zealand study the factor of price and value consciousness was not found. The three consumer decision-making orientations brand consciousness, novelty-fashion cons ciousness and habitual and brand truth are commonly found in two developed countries (USA and New Zealand) and two developing countries (Greece and India), identified by Lysonski (1996). The influences of the market environment, in particular the sparing environment and market structure on consumer decision-making styles were suggested in the study.Walsh (2001) and Mitchell (1998) and had also applied the CSI in his study in the German and UK consumers respectively. Out of these eight styles, only hexad were identified in the study for Germans which are brand consciousness, perfectionism, recreational shopping conscious, confused by over choice, careless and impulsive and novelty-fashion consciousness. In addition to these, categorisation seeking was new style that found in Walshs (2001) Germany study. Besides to Sproless (1986) eight styles structure, Mitchell (1998) suggested that two others styles which are time-energy conserving and store loyal consumers were identified with UK consumers. The CSI has also been administered to the consumers of South Korea and China, in addition to the studies conducted in the western countries. However, varied results were shown in Fans (1998) and Huis (1999 2000) studies on Chinas consumers and only five styles were found in South Korea.Furthermore, as results of various researches relating to consumer doings an write up of diverse purchasing behavior models is extended. The EKB model a relatively clear, inclusive, and organized theory model concerning consumer behavior by three scholars, Engel, Kollat and Blackwell (EKB), was first presented in 1968. The model assumes that a consumers decision processing is a consecutive processing which leads to solving problems, and which features considering decision processing as the center of merging relations of relevant extraneous and inside elements.The EKB model has three advantages (Yang, 2001), which consist ofIt is process oriented The EKB model has rather relevant var iables, which are collected with signs, are easier for researchers to confirm the relationship of variables, and also benefit hypothesis development and research result interpretation.Thoroughness/attention to detail The EKB model contains rather complete variables, which are capable of explaining entire processing of consumer behavior.The self-propelling feature The EKB model combines many scholars and experts opinions towards consumer behavior and performs many revisions therefore, is considered as a fairly thorough consumer behavior model. The EKB model contains four major parts, which let in culture involvement information processing decision processing and variables of decision processing.Consequently, based on the EKB concept Engel et al. (1993) report that, the center concept of the model indicates consumer purchase decision processing, which is also problem-solving processing to consumer decision processing, consist of five stages. The five stages are demand confirmation, search for information, and evaluation of alternatives, purchasing, and purchasing result. Basically, researches on consumer decision-making issues were mainly focused on the decision-making process.However, consumers may sometimes usually rely on simple approach, rather than going through a series of steps or processes rationally when they bear purchase decisions, argues Bettman (1979). Consumer may simply emphasize or evaluate some typical dimensions or characteristics that are obvious and being conscious of (Sproles, 1985). In this regard, Sproles and Kendall (1986) pioneered to examine consumer decision-making processes by profiling consumers into diverse decision-making styles. In Wickliffes (1998) study, such styles have recently been found to be highly correlated with some product characteristics, for exemplar price, rude of origin and brand.A consumer behavior model, Wheel of Consumer Analysis, was created by J. Paul Peter and Jerry C. Olson (1994) as a basis for explaini ng car buying behavior. According to the American selling Association, consumer behavior is defined as the dynamic interaction of affect and cognition, behavior, and environmental events by which human beings conduct the exchange aspects of their lives. (Olson Peter, 1994). Marketers can analyze am consumer behavior situation according to the three elements using the Wheel of Consumer Analysis the environment, behavior, and affect/cognition (see Figure 1). However, because these three factors interact andinfluence each other, no one factor can be isolated from the other. To understand consumer behavior, marketers must pay close attention to all three elements, each of which is discussed be unhopefulAffect and knowledgeBoth affect and cognition are important for understanding consumer behavior, because affect and cognition refer to the internal and psychological reactions that consumers may have in retort to objects in the external environment i.e., marketing stimuli, or to their own behavior. In other words, affect concerns feelings, while cognition involves deeming. Affective feelings can be unconditional and favorable, or negative and unfavorable. Whether positive or negative, they will affect the decisions of consumers.The Chinese consumer presents a good example of this. When Chinese consumers go to car dealers to purchase a car, their emphasis is on the services, including the attitude of sales people and option packages. An important factor for the Chinese is that dealers are sincere when conducting business rather than focusing just on the price. Many international companies have experience when dealing with the Chinese and they understand that the Chinese like to negotiate, especially on price and service.BehaviorThe second important component is behavior or the overt acts of consumers. While affect and cognition are concerned with what customers feel and think, behavior deals with what customers actually do. Examples of consumer behavior includ e watching a TV commercial, visiting a store, or purchasing a product. Chineseconsumers typically pay more attention to the informational content than pleasure features of the advertisements. One study found that Chinese customers considered themselves to be sophisticated and knowledgeable in their purchasing choices. (Shen Zhao, 1995)EnvironmentThe last component of consumer behavior concerns the environment. The environment refers to all the physical and social characteristics of the consumers external worlds on both a macro and a micro level. Marketers need to know which level of environmental analysis is relevant for the marketing problem and choose or design strategies appropriately. The macro environment includes general environmental factors such as, the climate, demographics, economic conditions, and political system. The micro-environment includes face-to-face social interactions among little groups of people such as families and reference groups. (Olson Peter, 1994) Bo th environments could include the objects, places, or other people who influence consumers affect/ recognition, and behavior. In the Chinese society, friends are good reference providers, particularly in the case of large, durable goods purchases.While the environment in which marketers operate is largely uncontrollable, marketers can influence certain aspects of the environment. Therefore, every marketing dodge needs to change or at least adapt to some aspect of the social and physical environments. While attempting to influence consumers affect/cognition and their behaviors, marketing strategies must often be altered to fit the social and physical environments such as, designing cars without ashtrays, reflecting shifting social patterns of reduced smoking2.2 Literature of Variable2.2.1 PricePrices range widely and an executive sedan may cost more than ten times the price of a small car (White,2004, 2006). non-homogeneous studies have applied hedonic price modeling to show that pr ice variation among new cars can be explained by differences in key product characteristics such as horsepower,engine capacity, speed, and safety features (e.g. Couton et al.,1996 Andersson, 2005 Reis and Santos Silva, 2006)Price is probably the most important consideration for the average consumer according to Cadogan and Foster (2000). Price plays an important role in poignant consumers decision towards purchasing a product.The effect of price has been studied extensively for many years.Consumers view price as an important element when purchasing and it has a large influence on consumers satisfaction judgments (Hermann, Xia, Monroe Huber, 2007). Price is an important factor of customer satisfaction since whenever consumers the value of an acquired product or service, they usually always think price (Zeithaml, 1998). Price is more likely used by consumers as a cue in forming product expectations when they are faced with public presentation or quality uncertainty (Urbany, 1997). Customers who view a firms pricing practices as unfair, are most likely to respond negatively. These include immediate attitudinal and affective responses such as dissatisfaction and lower purchase intentions (Oliver Swan, 1989). Consumers have the perception of high price giving high quality products and a number of academic works have shown that low prices are associated with low quality (Huang, 2004).According to the range theory, people use the range of remembered price experiences to set lower and upper bounds on price expectations, such that the extractiveness of a market price is a function of its position within this range (Janiszewski and Lichtenstein, 1999).Consumer have a strong belief in the price and value of their brands so much that they would compare and evaluate prices with alternative brands(Evans et al.,1996Keller,2003). According to Helegeson and Beatty, (1985),consumers rely on various information cues or product attributes in their decisionmaking including pr ice. The general consensus in research is that price is one of the most important reasons in purchasing decision factor.According to Bucklin et al. (1998), price significantly influences consumerchoice and relative incidence of purchase. He emphasized that discount pricing makeshouseholds switch brands and buy products earlier than needed. Price is describedas the quantity of payment or compensation for something. It indicates price as anexchange ratio between goods that pay for each other. Price also communicates tothe market the companys intended value positioning of its product or brand. Priceconsciousness is defined as finding the best value, buying at sale prices or thelowest price choice (Sproles and Kendall, 1986). Additionally, consumers generallyevaluated market price against an internal reference price, before they decide onthe attractiveness of the retail price.2.2.2 BrandAccording to Bhimrao M. Ghodeswar (2008), brand is defined as a distinguishing look up or symbol su ch as logo, trademark, or package design that intended to identify the goods or services of either one seller or a group of sellers, and to differentiate those goods or services from those of competitors.Consumer brand-knowledgecan be defined in terms of the personal meaning nearly a brand stored in consumer memory, that is, all descriptive and evaluative brand-related information(Keller 2003). A brand act as signals to the customer the source of the product, and protects both the customer and the producer from competitors who would attempt to provide products that appear to be identical (Aaker, 1991).Brands provide the basis upon which consumers can identify and bond with a product or service or a group of products or services (Weilbacher, 1995)Consumer decisions about brand choices follow a certain sequence (Bettman, 1979).A brand can be defined as the total accumulation of all his/her experiences, and is built at all points of contact with the customer from the customers point o f view (Kapferer, 2004)The way consumers perceive brand is a key determinant of long-term business-consumer relationship (Fournier, 1998).Consumer attitude towards a brand is an extension of the psychological assessment of the brand in terms of favoritism and is about positive or negative sensitiveness held towards a product (Churchill Iacobucci, 2005).The way consumers perceive brand is a key determinant of long-term business-consumer relationship (Fournier, 1998).Consumers have been found to be more involuntary to pay extra for a symbolic brand or a brand with symbolic value (Wu Shing, 2006). Mithall (1989) establishes that when it comes to purchasing, customers care about brands, perception on brand differences, importance of brand choice and feeling concerned about brand decision. As consumers become more familiar with a brand, their knowledge structure about the brand changes so and their uncertainty about the brand decr relievos. Brands have been perceived as providing a g reater security and a higher level of performance while eliminating alternatives by providing a better overall customization of perceived preferences (Jiang, 2004).Gardner Levy (2005) found that consumers were not just looking for product functionality, but also brand status or the symbolic meaning or property of the brand. Brand status depends largely on the consumers perception of the brands association with symbolism and prestige (Baht Reddy, 1998). The neo day consumer has also started to build worked up bonds with brands, becoming friends with them and are even said to be seduced to look like, eat like and be alike (Klein, 2000). celebrated brand names can disseminate product benefits and lead to higher recall ofadvertised benefits than non-famous brand names (Keller, 2003). There are many unknown brand names and alternatives available in the market place. Consumersmay prefer to trust major famous brand names. These prestigious brand names andtheir images attract consumers t o purchase the brand and bring about repeatpurchasing behaviour and reduce price related switching behaviours(Cadogan and Foster, 2000). Furthermore, brand personality provides links tothe brands emotional and self-expressive benefits for differentiation. This isimportant for brands which have only minor physical differences and are consumedin a social setting where the brand can create a perceptible image about the consumeritself.Consumers are usually able to evaluate each of International Journal of Economics and Management the products and brand name attributes (Keller, 2003). It is noteworthy that this information is essential for marketing managers to make informed decisions concerning product positioning, repositioning and differential advantages. According to Kohli and Thakor (1997), brand name is the creation of an image or the development of a brand identity and is an expensive and time consuming process. The development of a brand name is an essential part of the process since the name is the basis of a brands image. Brand name is important for the firm to attract customers to purchase the product and influence repeat purchasing behaviour. Consumers tend to perceive the products from an overall perspective, associating with the brand name all the attributes and satisfaction experienced by the purchase and use of the product.2.2.3 AppearanceAppearance is defined by HunterLab(2008) as a combination of its chromatic attributes(color) and nonrepresentational attributes(shape,texture,shinines,haze and translucency)and both types of these attributes should be measured and accounted for when making visual or instrumental assessments appearance.Appearance is the foremost and most impressive product message because when customers have a choice and all other factors are equal,they buy what looks best(HunterLab 2008).Also according to HunterLab,buyers will expect uniformity of appearance within any group of the same product and when customers see a difference between them on display,they will associated the difference with curt quality.Product design has been recognized as an opportunity for differential advantage in the market place and the appearance of a product influences consumer product choice in several ways(Marielle and Jan,2005).The appearance of the product influences consumer perception of aspects such as ease of operation, weight, and stability, which affect the perceived ease of use of a product(Marielle and Jan,2005). Consumers may use product appearance for categorization (Bloch, 1995 Veryzer, 1995). According toYamamoto and Lambert(1994) , even for industrial products, appearance has an influence on product preference.A products appearance communicates messages(Murdoch and Flurscheim, 1983), as it may look cheerful, boring, friendly, expensive, rude, or childish. Furthermore, the product or package appearance can reinforce the image of a brand, as the identity of a brand is expressed visually in the appearance of produc ts (Schmitt and Simonson, 1997). The aesthetic value of a product pertains to the pleasure derived from perceive the product, without consideration of utility (Holbrook, 1980).Car manufacturers often try to keep different car models recognizable as belonging to the same brand. The distinctive radiator grill of BMW automobiles is an example of a recognizable design element. The linking of brand meaning to elements of the product appearance will be easier when the associations these elements engender by themselves because they are innate or are determined by culture correspond to the desired brand image.Color preferences differ between cultures and in time (Whitfieldand Wiltshire, 1983).Garber (1995) defined visual typicality as the look or appearance that most consumers would associatewith a product category, and by which they identify brands that belong to the category. For example, use of bright colors and a large size, which is associated with aggression (Murdoch and Flurscheim, 1983), will make it easier to position a car brand as aggressive. In addition, personal factors, such as design acumen, prior experience, and personality influence the design taste of consumers (Bloch, 1995)2.2.4 safeguardAccording to BBC Science article, moving cars have kinetic energy and energy cannot be created or destroyed.When the car brakes this energy will delegate to the surroundings and this happen during the car collisions.The safety feature were design to absorb this kind of energy at the same time bending serious injury.The typical features were back belts, air bags and crumple zones.The modern safety features in new automobiles including Anti-lock braking system(ABS),traction control,safety cage,electric windows,cruise control,paddle shift controls and adjustable seats.In 2003,The Dohring Company which is the North Americas largest provider of custom market research has conducted a random survey of 7.995 American drivers intending to purchase a new vehicle in the n ear future.The result of this survey stated that 83% of the participants account that vehicle safety would be an important or very important consideration when purchasing their next vehicle(The Dohring Company,2003).Based on the Safety Advisory Committe I(SARAC I 2001) reviewed on incidential consumer survey in Europe,United States and Australia,safety had become an important attribute when purchasing a new vehicle (Zeidler,Kullgren,Fildres,Morris ONeill,2001) .According to the research of SARAC II(2005),one of the main aims of the research was to determine how important the vehicle safety in new vehicle purchase process in Sweden and Spain.The research finding indicate that while vehicle safety has become increasingly important to new consumer ,it is not the primary consideration in the vehicles purchase decision.However when the participant were ask to rate and award the importance vehicles factors from the list,most participant select the vehicle safety as the most important f actor.In similar case when the participant of this research were ask to select the vehicles features,most of the participant selected the safety related features for example air bag and advanced braking system.Overall,the participants from both countries were most likely select safety related factor and safety related features from the list of factors and features as their highest priorities in the new vehicles process.The Swedish new snobbish vehicle consumer significantly more concern in vehicles safety features compare to the Spanish new private vehicles consumer.According to the Roy Morgan Research Centre (MUARC,1992) on the consumers willingness to pay for vehicle safety features,consumers who purchased more expensive vehicles tended to be more willing to pay for the safety packages and besides the author noted that the willingness to pay was still quite high for consumers who purchased vehicles from the lowest price range.In the summary most private vehicle purchasers would willing to pay the best estimate retail price or more for both the airbag and non airbag package.The factor were influence by age,gender,parents,household income,size of car and cost of the vehicle.According to European Road Safety Observatory, the design of the vehicle are the most important and basic critirea to a safe traffic system that requires safe interaction between users, vehicles and the road environment. fomite design, which takes account of the behavioural and physical limitations of road users, can address a range of risk factors and help to reduce exposure to risk, bang involvement and pound injury severity.Up untill now, vehicle engineering for improved safety has usually been directed towards modifying and designing a vehicle in order to help the driver avoid a crash, or to protect the passenger inside the vehicle during a crash.Recently, attention inEuropehas been given to crash protective design for those foreign the vehicleKey system risk factorsHumanVehicles a nd equipmentsRoadExposuretraffic system usetoo early access to driving or riding a motor vehicleavailability of high performance motor vehiclespoor land-use planning, user mixPre-crashcrash occurrencespeeding, impairmentpoor lighting, braking, handling, speed managementpoor road design or layout, absence of speed limits and pedestrian facilitiesCrashinjury during the crashnon-use of restraints or helmetspoor crash protective designabsence of forgiving roadside (e.g. crash barriers)Post-crashpost crash injurypoor access to carepoor evacuationabsence of rescue facilityEuropean Road Safety Observation on the vehicle design contributionBased on Broughton, J. et al. (2000) research on a review of the effectiveness of casualty reduction measures in theUnited Kingdombetween 1980 and 1996.The Author found that the greatest contribution to casualty reduction was secondary safety or crash protection in vehicles. This accounted for around 15% of the reduction, compared with 11% for drink-driv e measures and 6.5% for road safety engineering measures.

Modernism in The Metamorphosis

contemporaneousness in The MetamorphosisThe scientific and industrial revolution that affected Europe and the rest of the world in the nineteenth century was further developed with the arrival of the twentieth century. This century was marked with signifi move progress in sectors such as the sciences, philosophy, social theory, and the arts. except no opposite field has in my opinion seen such drastic changes as the literary field. Breaking away from literary movements of the other centuries such as romanticism or realism, authors of the modernism borrow from new ideas in anthropology, psychology, philosophy, political theory, psychoanalysis, and physics to create their works. In this essay we will study the impact of some(prenominal) of the above fields in creating a sense of disillusionmentment, fragmentation, or isolation in the particular work of Kafka called The Metamorphosis.The metamorphosis, as mentioned above, is a work of fiction indite by Franz Kafka. After reading thi s story I can easily see why it has become so popular. Not except is it a capacious story, but it also stands out because of it use of philosophy and psychology as a way to explain certain human behaviors. The most of obvious conception that influenced Kafka in writing The Metamorphosis is Existentialism.Existentialism is a theory that became very popular during the nineteenth century and that asserts that any given choice will sway the later course of a persons life, and that the person has ultimate will over making choices. In the case of Kafka story, this translates first into solitude and insanity.The isolation and despair that Gregor undergo is obvious from the start. From the very first sentence of the story we notice this solitude. Gregor is lying on his bed in a shape of a gigantic bird louse and there is nobody around to help him. This theme of isolation is even more infix in the rest of the story as we see that Gregor cant depend on anyone for support. He locks him self in his room when he is at home or on the road for business and doesnt go out to run into people. He doesnt induce a girlfriend nor does he has friends to rely on in times of need. Instead he isolated himself from society.Another example of this alienation becomes app arnt in his relationship with his family. Although he doesnt realize it, his relationship with them is not very good. By being the breadwinner of the family, Gregor leaves no room for his father to be the provider and the responsible one. At the same time he is trying to save money so he can send his sister to a conservatory where she can play violin but fails to discuss that idea with her. In his mind he think that the family is proud and happy with him, however the reality is assorted and the only thing he accomplishes is to alienate himself from them. Even though he takes care of them, they are still unhappy with him.Furthermore, the theme of isolation and alienation is present with the metaphor of the insec t. I think that the reason why Kafka transform his main character into a this bug is to show us how helpless Gregor feels. His life as an insect is no different than his life as a human. Trying to communicate with his family as an insect is impossible and frustrating because all they hear are bug noises that scare them. They dont want him around because his appearance is shameful and they dont want to take care of him as he becomes more and more a obligation to them. Throughout the whole story, Gregor is a stranger to everybody. His contact with society is minimal, and his alienation from his family becomes total with his transformation as an insect.The influence of existentialism on Kafkas metamorphosis doesnt only stop to the concept of alienation. The Metamorphosis is also about disillusionment. Besides being isolated, Gregor starts viewing the life as somehow absurd and futile. He cant look to understand why things like this happen to a good human being like him. All he is try ing to do is to make his family happy. He works at a job that he despises so that he can support his family that is having hard times. We can quote him saying If I didnt have my parents to think about Id have given in my notice a long time ago, Id have gone up to the boss and told him just what I think, tell him everything I would, let him know just what I feel. Despite all this good he is doing, the tragedy of the metamorphosis befalls him and his family abandons him.As time passes by, Gregors disillusion grows bigger. His body falls into a state of despair due to abuse neglect and sickness. He carried threads, hairs, and remains of food about on his back and sides. He spent his days fantasizing about being normal and wondering why this was happening to him. One thing that really shows the influence of the Existentialist philosophy on Kafka is that he doesnt want us to feel bad for Gregor. Instead, the impression I get from reading this is that Kafka wants Gregor to find a meaning to his life even though he is in a bad situation. He should have stopped being depressed because of his family and his job and started living life for him first. If we follow Kafkas reasoning, we can stick out that Gregors death is due more to the fact that he was disillusioned and depressed than to the fact that his physical health was deteriorating.To sum up, one can say that the Modernism movement brought forth new ideas to the world of literature and the Metamorphosis is a good example of that. As the world around them was evolving, author like Kafka and Camus looked for other sciences for inspiration and to explain some of the human behaviors. Existentialism provided them with a mean to convey their feelings, especially in regards to isolation, alienation, and the meaning of life in general. Nowadays, because of the quality of their works, they became kinsperson names not only in literature but also in other fields such as psychology.

Protein Thermal Stability Essay examples -- Scientific Research, Soy P

Proteins argon a series of connected amino acids, and in food products, proteins provide both nutritional and functional properties that contribute to the tonicity of a food system (Christen and Smith 2000). Protein in the diet is essential to the maintenance of life and health. Proteins are compounds with a function that do work in the body such as facilitate reactions however, proteins are as well as functional in food systems. Proteins are used for a variety of reasons such as to create an emulsion, join pieces of meat together, form a skin on the surface of a product, and form a stable foam matrix. Milk proteins such as whey and casein are isolated for numerous different functions in food systems such as foaming, whipping, gelation, nutrition, flavor enhancement, and emulsification (Punidadas and Rizvi 1998). Casein in take out compromises approximately 78% of proteins found in milk, and determining the amount of casein in milk is essential to cheese manufacturing (Pun idadas and Rizvi 1998). Whey proteins in milk are often isolated from cheese production and are used for a variety of reasons such as a nutritional protein supplement. Whey protein isolates are also used as a whipping agent (Punidadas and Rizvi 1998). Milk proteins can be extracted in numerous ways such as the Wijis method, chromatography, and interbreeding hang up filtration (Punidadas and Rizvi 1998 Christen and Smith 2000). Soy proteins are commonly used in commercial food products as a relatively inexpensive form of protein for many reasons. Soy can be added to meat products to increase the regulated amount of water that can be added to product. Soy proteins are also a sizeable source of nutrition (Lhocine and others 2006). Soy proteins have functional properties si... ...5 256-259. Punidadas P and Rizvi SSH. 1998. Separation of milk proteins into fractions rich in casein or whey proteins by cross flow filtration. Food Research International. 31(4) 265-272. Ryan M, McEvoy, E, Duignam S, Crowley C, Fenelon M, OCallaghan, DM, and FitzGerald RJ. 2008. Thermal stability of soy protein isolate and hydrosolate ingredients. Food Chem. 108 503-510. Stellwagen E and Wilgus H. 1978. Relationship of protein thermostability to accessible surface area. Nature. 275 342-343.Thompson LD and Dinh T. 2009. Acid-Base Chemistry. FDSC 5305 food chemical science laboratory manual. Lubbock, TX Texas Tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences.Vogt G and Argos P. 1997. Protein thermal stability hydrogen bonds of internal packing? Distance-Based Approaches to Protein Structure Determination III appendix 2 40-46.

What Montag Learned in Fahrenheit 451 :: Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451

Simplicity vs. RealityAbove all things, Montag loved to burn. It was pleasurable for him to set aside his ignorance, watching as the little papery ashes shrivel up, and wisp into the line like fireflies. But that was before he took the time to ask why. Montag had to ask himself why he was burning these books, when he didnt even know what they were. So he decided to take action and read them. Where he lives, this is illegal. Reading these books brought misfortune, like loosing his wife, house, and being forced to become a nomad. But he similarly benefited from this. By reading these books and ruining his life he also gained many things. A few of these are knowledge, feelings, and construeing.Gaining this knowledge is the very thing that ruined his life, though it gave him a sense of meaning. Through all of this Montag learns the information he finds in the books was what he needed all along. The life he was living was a lie. He was an ant to his society, and it must see come as a relief to finally realize he was no longer being controlled by his leave out of intelligence.Throughout this story as I started to become more familiar with the characters I noticed something quite unusual. In essence, the people around Montag only gestate two basic feelings, happiness and sadness. All these people ever know is that they want to be happy and they fatiguet care at what cost. They dont have any knowledge or understanding of the way things work and thats exactly what their government wants for them, because as soon as you have knowledge and understanding you start having more in depth emotions and begin asking questions, which leads to trying to makes changes. This causes complication, and thats just the sort of thing they cannot allow in their simple, ant-like society. Montag gets feeling from the books, and the feelings he gets motivates him to do whats right. Even if everyone else around him is self centered, they only care about their own happiness.In chapter On e Clarisse asks Montag if hes happy. She makes it seem like such an easy question, while in fact its one of the hardest questions he has ever had to ask himself. The truth is that Montag doesnt understand what true happiness is. All he knows is that he needs to make some drastic changes, and Montag doesnt even know how.